P. Aghion, P. Askenazy, and N. Berman, Credit constraints and the cyclicality of R&D investment: Evidence from France, Journal of the European Economic Association, vol.10, issue.5, pp.1001-1024, 2012.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1542-4774.2012.01093.x
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00586744

N. Agarwal and Z. Wang, Does the US EXIM Bank Really Promote US Exports, 2016.
DOI : 10.2139/ssrn.2816468
URL : http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/gep/documents/papers/2016/2016-12.pdf

J. Ahn, A. Khandelwal, and S. Wei, The role of intermediaries in facilitating trade, Journal of International Economics, vol.84, issue.1, pp.73-85, 2011.

G. Akerlof, The Market for Lemons: Qualitative Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism, Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol.84, issue.3, pp.488-500, 1970.

A. Alesina, R. Baqir, and W. Easterly, Public Goods and Ethnic Divisions, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol.114, issue.4, pp.1243-1284, 1999.
DOI : 10.1596/1813-9450-2108
URL : http://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/4551797/alesina_publicgoods.pdf

F. Albornoz, H. Calvo-pardo, G. Corcos, and E. Ornelas, Sequential exporting, J. Int. Econ, vol.88, issue.1, pp.17-31, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jinteco.2012.02.007
URL : https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/80134/1/Sequential_Exporting.pdf

M. Amiti and D. E. Weinstein, Exports and Financial Shocks, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol.126, issue.4, pp.1841-1877, 2011.
DOI : 10.3386/w15556
URL : https://doi.org/10.3386/w15556

M. Amiti and C. Freund, An anatomy of China's export growth, 2010.

. Wei, China's growing role in world trade, pp.35-56

S. P. Anderson, A. Palma, and J. Thisse, Discrete Choice Theory of Product Differentiation, 1992.

J. Arnold and K. Hussinger, Export Behavior and Firm Productivity in German Manufacturing: A Firm-level Analysis, Review of World Economics, vol.141, issue.2, pp.219-243, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/s10290-005-0026-8
URL : http://www.dagliano.unimi.it/media/WP2003_184.pdf

B. Aw, S. Chung, and M. Roberts, Productivity and Turnover in the Export Market: Micro-level Evidence from the Republic of Korea and Taiwan (China), World Bank Economic Review, vol.14, issue.1, pp.65-90, 2000.

A. Akerman, Wholesalers and Economies of Scope in International Trade, Canadian Journal of Economics, 2017.

P. Antras and A. Costinot, Intermediated trade, Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol.126, issue.3, pp.1319-1374, 2011.

J. Ahn, A. Khandelwal, and S. Wei, The role of intermediaries in facilitating trade, Journal of International Economics, vol.84, issue.1, pp.73-85, 2011.

A. Akerman, Wholesalers and Economies of Scope in International Trade, Canadian Journal of Economics, 2017.

J. M. Arnold and B. S. Javorcik, Gifted kids or pushy parents? Foreign direct investment and plant productivity in Indonesia, Journal of International Economics, vol.79, issue.1, pp.42-53, 2009.

S. Baker, N. Bloom, and B. Canes-wrone, Why Has US Policy Uncertainty Risen Since, 1960.
DOI : 10.1257/aer.104.5.56
URL : http://www.nber.org/papers/w19826.pdf

, American Economic Review, vol.104, issue.5, pp.56-60, 2014.

S. Baker, N. Bloom, and S. Davis, Measuring Economic Policy Uncertainty, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol.131, issue.4, pp.1593-1636, 2016.

A. Bernard and J. Jensen, Exceptional Exporter Performance: Cause, Effect, or both, Journal of International Economics, vol.47, issue.1, pp.1-25, 1999.

A. Bernard and B. Jensen, Why some firms export, Rev. Econ. Stat, vol.86, issue.2, pp.561-569, 2004.

A. Bigsten and M. Gebreeyesus, Firm Productivity and Exports: Evidence from Ethiopian Manufacturing, The Journal of Development Studies, vol.45, issue.10, pp.1594-1614, 2009.

N. Bloom, S. Bond, and J. Van-reenen, Uncertainty and Investment Dynamics, The Review of Economic Studies, vol.74, issue.2, pp.391-415, 2007.

N. Bloom, Uncertainty and the Dynamics of R&D, The American Economic Review, vol.97, issue.2, pp.250-255, 2007.

L. Brandt, J. Van-biesebroeck, and Y. Zhang, Creative Accounting or Creative Destruction? Firm-level Productivity Growth in Chinese Manufacturing, Journal of Development Economics, vol.97, issue.2, pp.339-351, 2012.

C. Bravo-ortega, Y. Benavente, and Á. González, Innovation, Exports, and Productivity: Learning and Self-Selection in Chile, Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, vol.50, issue.1, pp.68-95, 2014.

C. Broda, J. Greenfield, and D. Weinstein, From Groundnuts to Globalization: A Structural Estimate of Trade and Growth, 2006.

P. Bustos, Trade Liberalization, Exports, and Technology Upgrading: Evidence on the Impact of MERCOSUR on Argentinian Firms, The American Economic Review, vol.101, issue.1, pp.304-344, 2011.

F. Bourguignon and M. Sundberg, Aid Effectiveness: Opening the Black Box, American Economic Review, vol.97, issue.2, pp.316-321, 2007.

A. B. Bernard, M. Grazzi, and C. Tomasi, Intermediaries in international trade: margins of trade and export flows, Review of Economics and Statistics, vol.97, issue.4, pp.916-920, 2015.

A. Bernard, J. B. Jensen, S. J. Redding, and P. K. Schott, Wholesalers and retailers in, American Economic Review, vol.100, issue.2, pp.408-413, 2010.

A. Bernard, S. J. Redding, and P. K. Schott, Multiple-product firms and product switching, American Economic Review, vol.100, issue.1, pp.70-97, 2010.

A. Bernard, S. J. Redding, and P. K. Schott, Multiple-product firms and trade liberalization, Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol.126, issue.3, pp.1271-1318, 2011.

G. Biglaiser, Middlemen as experts, Rand Journal of Economics, vol.24, issue.2, pp.212-123, 1993.

G. Biglaiser and J. W. Friedman, Middlemen as guarantors of quality, International Journal of Industrial Organization, vol.12, issue.4, pp.509-531, 1994.

B. A. Blonigen and A. C. Ma, Please pass the catch-up: The relative performance of Chinese and foreign firms in Chinese exports, pp.475-509, 2010.

B. S. Blum, S. Claro, and I. Horstmann, Facts and figures on intermediated trade, American Economic Review, vol.100, issue.2, pp.419-423, 2010.

C. Broda and D. E. Weinstein, From groundnuts to globalization: A structural estimate of trade and growth (NBER Working Paper No. 12512), 2006.

H. Cai and Q. Liu, Competition and Corporate Tax Avoidance: Evidence from Chinese Industrial Firms, The Economic Journal, vol.119, issue.537, pp.764-795, 2009.

C. Carrère and V. Strauss-kahn, Developing Countries Exports Survival in the OECD: Does Experience Matter

, Internationales (CEPII), 2014.

M. Cal´? and D. W. Velde, Does Aid for Trade Really Improve Trade Performance?, World Development, vol.39, issue.5, pp.725-740, 2011.

Z. Chen, S. Poncet, and R. Xiong, Local Financial Development and Constraints on Private Firms' Exports: Evidence from City Commercial Banks in China, 2016.

S. Clerides, S. Lach, and J. Tybout, Is Learning by Exporting Important? Micro-Dynamic Evidence from Colombia, Mexico, and Morocco, Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol.113, issue.3, pp.903-947, 1998.

M. Crozet, K. Head, and T. Mayer, Quality Sorting and Trade: Firm-level Evidence for French Wine, Review of Economic Studies, vol.79, issue.2, pp.609-644, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00973018

M. Crozet, G. Lalanne, and S. Poncet, Wholesalers in international trade
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01045109

, European Economic Review, vol.58, pp.1-17, 2013.

M. Dai, M. Maitra, and M. Yu, Unexceptional Exporter Performance in China? The Role of Processing Trade, Journal of Development Economics, vol.121, pp.177-189, 2016.

J. Damijan, S. Polanec, and J. Pra?nikar, Self-selection, Export Market Heterogeneity and Productivity Improvements: Firm Level Evidence from Slovenia, 2004.

J. De-loecker, Detecting Learning by Exporting, American Economic Journal: Microeconomics, vol.5, issue.3, pp.1-21, 2013.

J. De-loecker, Do Exports Generate Higher Productivity? Evidence from Slovenia, Journal of International Economics, vol.73, issue.1, pp.69-98, 2007.

F. Defever and A. Riaño, Subsidies with export share requirements in China, Journal of Development Economics, vol.126, pp.33-51, 2017.

D. Sousa, J. Disdier, A. Gaigné, and C. , Export decision under risk, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01661263

K. Dasgupta and J. Mondria, Quality uncertainty and intermediation in international trade (Working Paper), 2012.

S. Djankov, C. Mcliesh, and R. M. Ramalho, Regulation and Growth. Economics Letters, vol.92, pp.395-401, 2006.

J. Eaton, M. Eslava, and C. Krizan, A search and learning model of export dynamics

, Unpublished manuscript, 2014.

C. Eckel and P. Neary, Multi-product firms and flexible manufacturing in the global economy, Review of Economic Studies, vol.77, issue.1, pp.188-217, 2010.

H. Fan, E. Lai, and Y. Li, Credit constraints, quality, and export prices: Theory and evidence from China, Journal of Comparative Economics, vol.43, issue.2, pp.390-416, 2015.

R. Feenstra and G. Hanson, Ownership and Control in Outsourcing to China: Estimating the Property-rights Theory of the Firm, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol.120, issue.2, pp.729-761, 2005.

R. Feenstra, Z. Li, and M. Yu, Exports and Credit Constraints under Incomplete Information: Theory and Evidence from China, Review of Economics and Statistics, vol.96, issue.4, pp.729-744, 2014.

A. Fernandes and H. Tang, Learning to export from neighbors, Journal of International Economics, vol.94, issue.1, pp.67-84, 2014.

R. Fisman and J. Svensson, Are Corruption and Taxation Really Harmful to Growth? Firm Level Evidence, Journal of Development Economics, vol.83, issue.1, pp.63-75, 2007.

R. Feenstra, H. , and G. , Intermediaries in entrepot trade: Hong Kong re-exports of Chinese goods, Journal of Economics and Management Strategy, vol.13, issue.1, pp.3-35, 2004.

G. Felbermayr and B. Jung, Trade intermediaries, incomplete contracts, and the choice of export modes, Review of International Economics, vol.19, issue.4, pp.634-648, 2011.

Y. Ge, H. Lai, and S. C. Zhu, Multinational price premium, Journal of Development Economics, vol.115, pp.181-199, 2015.

S. Girma, A. Greenaway, and R. Kneller, Does Exporting Increase Productivity? A Microeconometric Analysis of Matched Firms, Review of International Economics, vol.12, issue.5, pp.855-866, 2004.

Y. Gorodnichenko and M. Schnitzer, Financial constraints and innovation: Why poor countries don't catch up, Journal of the European Economic Association, vol.11, issue.5, pp.1115-1152, 2013.

D. Greenaway and R. Kneller, Firm Heterogeneity, Exporting and Foreign Direct Investment, The Economic Journal, vol.117, issue.517, pp.134-161, 2007.

L. Guiso and G. Parigi, Investment and demand uncertainty, 1999.

, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol.114, issue.1, pp.185-227

M. Helble, C. L. Mann, and J. S. Wilson, Aid-for-Trade Facilitation, Review of World Economics, vol.148, issue.2, pp.357-376, 2012.

J. C. Hallak and P. Schott, Estimating cross-country differences in product quality, Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol.26, issue.1, pp.417-474, 2011.

T. Hatzichronoglou, Revision of the high-technology sector and product classification, Technology and Industry Working Papers, 1997.

W. Keller, Y. , and S. R. , Multinational enterprises, international trade, and productivity growth: Firm-level evidence from the United States. The Review of Economics and Statistics, vol.91, pp.821-831, 2009.

Y. Kor, Direct and Interaction Effects of Top Management Team and Board Compositions on R&D Investment Strategy, Strategic Management Journal, vol.27, issue.11, pp.1081-1099, 2006.

P. Krugman, Scale Economies, Product Differentiation, and the Pattern of Trade, The American Economic Review, vol.70, issue.5, pp.950-959, 1980.

A. Khandelwal, The Long and Short (of) Quality Ladders, Review of Eco-nomic Studies, vol.77, issue.4, pp.1450-1476, 2010.

A. K. Khandelwal, P. K. Schott, and S. Wei, Trade Liberalization and Embedded Institutional Reform: Evidence from Chinese Exporters, American Economic Review, vol.103, issue.6, pp.2169-2195, 2013.

F. Lammersen and M. Roberts, Aid for Trade 10 Years on: Keeping It Effective, OECD Development Policy Papers, issue.1, 2015.

H. Lee, D. Park, and M. Shin, Do Developing-country WTO Members Receive More Aid for Trade (AfT)?, The World Economy, vol.38, issue.9, pp.1462-1485, 2015.

Y. Li, Middlemen and private information, Journal of Monetary Economics, vol.42, issue.1, pp.131-159, 1998.

C. López-duarte and M. Vidal-suárez, External Uncertainty and Entry Mode Choice: Cultural Distance, Political Risk and Language Diversity, International Business Review, vol.19, issue.6, pp.575-588, 2010.

T. Luong, Does Learning by Exporting Happen? Evidence from the Automobile Industry in China, Review of Development Economics, vol.17, issue.3, pp.461-473, 2013.

S. Mallick and Y. Yang, Productivity Performance of Export Market Entry and Exit: Evidence from Indian Firms, Review of International Economics, vol.21, issue.4, pp.809-824, 2013.

K. Manova and Y. Z. , How Firms Export: Processing vs. Ordinary Trade with Financial Frictions, Journal of International Economics, vol.100, pp.120-137, 2016.

T. Mayer, I. P. Gianmarco, and . Ottaviano, The Happy Few: The Internationalisation of European Firms, Intereconomics -Review of European Economic Policy, vol.43, issue.3, pp.135-148, 2008.

M. Melitz, The Impact of Trade on Intra-Industry Reallocations and Aggregate Industry Productivity, Econometrica, issue.6, pp.1695-172, 2003.

T. Mengistae and C. Pattillo, Export Orientation and Productivity in Sub-Saharan Africa, IMF Staff papers, vol.51, issue.2, pp.327-353, 2004.

D. Mowery and N. Rosenberg, The Influence of Market Demand upon Innovation: A Critical Review of Some Recent Empirical Studies, Research Policy, vol.8, issue.2, pp.102-153, 1979.

K. Manova, S. Wei, and Z. Zhang, Firm exports and multinational activity under credit constraints, Review of Economics and Statistics, vol.97, pp.574-588, 2015.

T. Mayer and S. Zignago, Notes on CEPII's distances measures: The GeoDist database (CEPII Working Paper No. 2011-25), Centre d'Etudes Prospectives et d'Informations Internationales, 2011.

M. Melitz, The impact of trade on intra-industry reallocations and aggregate industry productivity, Econometrica, vol.71, issue.6, pp.1695-1725, 2003.

B. R. Moulton, An illustration of a pitfall in estimating the effects of aggregate variables on micro units, Review of Economics and Statistics, vol.72, pp.334-342, 1990.

N. Nunn, Relationship-specificity, incomplete contracts, and the pattern of trade, Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol.122, issue.2, pp.569-600, 2007.

F. Nowak-lehmann, I. Martnez-zarzoso, D. Herzer, S. Klasen, and A. ,

. Cardozo, Does Foreign Aid Promote Recipient Exports to Donor Coun-tries?, Review of World Economics, vol.149, issue.3, pp.505-535, 2013.

. Oecd/wto, Aid for Trade at a Glance 2007: 1st Global Review, 2007.

. Oecd/wto, Aid for Trade at a Glance 2013: Connecting to Value Chains, 2013.

J. Pettersson and L. Johansson, Aid, Aid for Trade, and bilateral trade: An empirical study, The Journal of International Trade and Economic Development, vol.22, issue.6, pp.866-894, 2013.

D. Petropoulou, Information costs, networks and intermediation in international trade (Discussion Paper), 2008.

. London, Centre for Economic Performance, London School of Economics and Political Science

S. Poncet, A Fragmented China: Measure and Determinants of Chinese Domestic Market Disintegration, Review of International Economics, vol.13, issue.3, pp.409-430, 2005.

S. Poncet and M. Xu, Quality Screening and Trade Intermediaries: Evidence from China, Review of International Economics, vol.26, issue.1, pp.223-256, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01885467

D. Poston, M. Mao, and M. Yu, The Global Distribution of the Overseas Chinese around, Population and Development Review, vol.20, issue.3, pp.631-645, 1990.

J. Rauch and A. Casella, Overcoming Informational Barriers to International Resource Allocation: Prices and Ties, The Economic Journal, vol.113, issue.484, pp.21-42, 2003.

J. Rauch and V. Trindade, Ethnic Chinese Networks in International Trade, Review of Economics and Statistics, vol.84, issue.1, pp.116-130, 2002.

A. Rodriguez-clare, Multinationals, Linkages, and Economic Development, The American Economic Review, vol.86, issue.4, pp.852-873, 1996.

N. Sheard, Learning to export and the timing of entry to export markets, Review of International Economics, vol.22, issue.3, pp.536-560, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01474269

J. Schmookler, Invention and Economic Growth, 1966.

C. Sharma and R. Mishra, Does Export and Productivity Growth Linkage Exist? Evidence from the Indian Manufacturing Industry, International Review of Applied Economics, vol.25, issue.6, pp.633-652, 2011.

O. Shenkar, Cultural Distance Revisited: Towards a More Rigorous Conceptualization and Measurement of Cultural Differences, Journal of International Business Studies, vol.32, issue.3, pp.519-535, 2001.

E. Spolaore and R. Wacziarg, Ancestry and development: New evidence, J]. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 2017.

B. Tadesse and R. White, Cultural Distance as a Determinant of Bilateral Trade Flows: Do Immigrants Counter the Effect of Cultural Differences, Applied Economics Letters, vol.17, issue.2, pp.147-152, 2010.

H. Tang and Y. Zhang, Quality differentiation and trade intermediation (Working Paper), 2012.

A. Tversky and D. Kahneman, Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases, 1974.

, Science, vol.185, issue.4157, pp.1124-1131

J. Van-biesebroeck, Exporting Raises Productivity in Sub-Saharan African Manufacturing Firms, Journal of International Economics, vol.67, issue.2, pp.373-391, 2005.

X. Vives, Duopoly Information Equilibrium: Cournot and Bertrand, Journal of Economic Theory, vol.34, issue.1, pp.71-94, 1984.

M. Vijil and L. Wagner, Does Aid for Trade Enhance Export Performance? Investigating the Infrastructure Channel, The World Economy, vol.35, issue.7, pp.838-868, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01462600

D. Wagner, Aid and Trade-An Empirical Study, Journal of the Japanese and International Economies, vol.17, issue.2, pp.153-173, 2003.

M. Yamin and R. Sinkovics, Online Internationalisation, Psychic Distance Reduction and the Virtuality Trap, International Business Review, vol.15, issue.4, pp.339-360, 2006.

A. Young, The Razor's Edge: Distortions and Incremental Reform in the People's Republic of China, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol.115, issue.4, pp.1091-1135, 2000.

J. Zweimüller and J. Brunner, Innovation and Growth with Rich and Poor Consumers, Metroeconomica, vol.56, issue.2, pp.233-262, 2005.