. Echa, Commitee for Risk Assessment and for Socio-economic Analysis : Backgroup document, 2016.

, ANNEX XV RESTRICTION REPORT PROPOSAL FOR A RESTRICTION, European Chemicals Agency, 2014.

, The Behaviour of PVC in landfill, European Comission, 2000.

. European-union, European Union Risk Assessment Report : bis(pentabromophenyl) ether, 2002.

. European-chemicals-bureau, European Union Risk Assessment Report : bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), 2008.

J. Gasperi and J. Mouchel, Bilans et flux de polluants organiques dans le bassin de la Seine, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01945452

A. Gouzy and J. Brignon, Inventory of emissions of priority Hazardous substances in the surface waters in France, SETAC World congress 2012/22. SETAC Europe Annual Meeting, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/ineris-00970975

. Ineris, Données technico-économiques sur les substances chimiques en France, 2006.

. Ineris, Données technico-économiques sur les substances chimiques en France : Di(2-ethylhexyl)phtalate, 2010.

. Ineris, Avantages et inconvénients du recyclage des matériaux contenant des additifs dangereux : Une approche économique et son illustration avec le cas du PVC souple, 2018.

, Estimation des émissions de Déca-BDE sur le bassin de la Seine, Ineris, 2018.

R. Kleijn, Dynamic substance flow analysis: the delaying mechanism of stocks, with the case of PVC in Sweden, Ecological Economics, pp.241-254, 2000.

D. Purser, Toxicology, Survival and Health Hazards of Combustion Products, 2015.

, Environmental Health Criteria 162 BROMINATED DIPHENYL, World Health Organization, 1994.

. Wwf, Pollution plastique : à qui la faute ? Récupéré sur, 2019.

. .. Matériel,

. .. Résultats, Estimation des flux de fragments et de fibres, Concentrations en microplastiques sous différentes conditions hydrodynamiques

. .. Conclusions,

. .. Bibliographie,

B. Arthur, C. Baker, J. Holly, and B. , Proceedings of the International Research Workshop on the Occurrence, Effects, and Fate of Microplastic Marine Debris, 2009.

D. K. Barnes, Biodiversity: invasions by marine life on plastic debris, Nature, vol.416, pp.808-809, 2002.

R. Dris, J. Gasperi, and B. Tassin, Sources and Fate of Microplastics in Urban Areas: A Focus on Paris Megacity. Freshw. Microplastics 69-83, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01665770

P. Farrell and K. Nelson, Trophic level transfer of microplastic: Mytilus edulis (L.) to Carcinus maenas (L.), Environ. Pollut, vol.177, pp.1-3, 2013.

S. Gündo?du, C. Çevik, B. Ayat, B. Aydo?an, and S. Karaca, How microplastics quantities increase with flood events? An example from Mersin Bay NE Levantine coast of Turkey, Environ. Pollut, vol.239, pp.342-350, 2018.

R. Hurley, J. Woodward, and J. Rothwell, Microplastic contamination of river beds significantly reduced by catchment-wide flooding, Nat. Geosci, 2018.

J. R. Jambeck, R. Geyer, C. Wilcox, T. R. Siegler, M. Perryman et al., Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean, Science, vol.347, pp.768-771, 2015.

L. C. Lebreton, J. Zwet, . Van-der, J. Damsteeg, B. Slat et al., River plastic emissions to the world's oceans, Nat. Commun, vol.8, 2017.

T. Mani, A. Hauk, U. Walter, and P. Burkhardt-holm, Microplastics profile along the Rhine River, Sci. Rep, vol.5, 2015.

C. Schmidt, T. Krauth, and S. Wagner, Export of Plastic Debris by Rivers into the Sea, Environ. Sci. Technol, 2017.

S. Veerasingam, M. Mugilarasan, R. Venkatachalapathy, and P. Vethamony, Influence of 2015 flood on the distribution and occurrence of microplastic pellets along the Chennai coast, Mar. Pollut. Bull, vol.109, pp.196-204, 2016.

L. Watkins, P. J. Sullivan, and M. T. Walter, A case study investigating temporal factors that influence microplastic concentration in streams under different treatment regimes, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res, vol.26, pp.21797-21807, 2019.

C. Wesch, A. M. Elert, M. Wörner, U. Braun, R. Klein et al., Assuring quality in microplastic monitoring: About the value of clean-air devices as essentials for verified data, Sci. Rep, vol.7, pp.1-8, 2017.

A. R. Hill, K. J. Devito, S. Campagnolo, and K. Sanmugadas, Subsurface denitrification in a forest riparian zone: Interactions between hydrology and supplies of nitrate and organic carbon, Biogeochemistry, vol.51, pp.193-223, 2000.

. Ipcc, N 2 O Emissions from Managed Soils, and CO 2 Emissions from Lime and Urea Application, 2006.

K. Hergoualc'h, H. Akiyama, M. Bernoux, N. Chirinda, A. Del-prado et al., IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, vol.5, 2006.

L. Noë, J. Billen, G. Garnier, and J. , How the structure of agro-food systems shapes nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbon fluxes: the Generalized Representation of Agro-Food System applied at the regional scale in France, Science of the Total Environment, vol.586, pp.42-55, 2017.

L. Noë, J. Billen, G. Esculier, F. Garnier, and J. , Long-term socioecological trajectories of agro-food systems revealed by N and P flows in French regions from 1852 to, Agr Ecosyst Env, vol.265, pp.132-143, 2014.

A. Marescaux, V. Thieu, and J. Garnier, Carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide emissions from the human-impacted Seine watershed in France, Science of the Total Environment, vol.643, pp.247-259, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01919638

F. Oehler, P. Bordenave, and P. Durand, Variations of denitrification in a farming catchment area, Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, vol.120, pp.313-324, 2007.

W. J. Parton, A. R. Mosier, and D. S. Ojima, Generalized model for N2 and N 2 O production from nitrification and denitrification, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, vol.10, pp.401-412, 1996.

P. A. Raymond, C. J. Zappa, D. Butman, T. H. Bott, J. Potter et al., Scaling the gas transfer velocity and hydraulic geometry in streams and small rivers, Limnology and Oceanography: Fluids and Environments, vol.2, pp.41-53, 2012.

D. S. Reay, E. A. Davidson, K. A. Smith, P. Smith, J. M. Melillo et al., Global agriculture and nitrous oxide emissions, Nature Climate Change, vol.2, 2012.

I. Rochester, Estimating nitrous oxide emissions from flood-irrigated alkaline grey clays, Australian Journal of Soil Research, vol.41, pp.197-206, 2003.

P. Rodrigues, J. Barnes, and R. Upstill-goddard, Simulating estuarine nitrous oxide production by means of a dynamic model, Mar Poll Bull, vol.54, pp.164-172, 2007.

A. O. Rudaz, E. Walti, and G. Kyburz, , 1999.

S. Saggar, N. Jha, J. Deslippe, N. S. Bolan, J. Luo et al., , 2013.

, Denitrification and N2O:N2 production in temperate grasslands: Processes, measurements, modelling and mitigating negative impacts, Sci Tot Envir, vol.465, pp.173-194

C. Scheer, R. Wassmann, and K. Butterbach-bahl, The relationship between N2O, NO, and N-2 fluxes from fertilized and irrigated dryland soils of the Aral Sea Basin, Uzbekistan Plant & Soil, vol.314, p.273, 2009.

. .. Matériel,

. .. Étude-de-site, 155 1.2. Emissions de gaz à effet de serre d'origine agricole

. .. Résultats, Concentrations des gaz à effet de serre dans le réseau hydrologique

, Émissions comparées des gaz par compartiment de l'environnement

. .. Discussion,

. .. Bibliographie,

G. Bibliographie-abril, S. Bouillon, F. Darchambeau, C. R. Teodoru, T. R. Marwick et al., Technical Note: Large overestimation of pCO2 calculated from pH and alkalinity in acidic, organic-rich freshwaters, Biogeosciences, vol.12, pp.67-78, 2015.

N. Aissa-grouz, J. Garnier, and G. Billen, Long trend reduction of phosphorus wastewater loading in the Seine: determination of phosphorus speciation and sorption for modeling algal growth, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 1-14, 2016.

E. Aksoy, Y. Yigini, and L. Montanarella, Combining soil databases for topsoil organic carbon mapping in Europe, PLoS One, vol.11, pp.1-17, 2016.

S. R. Alin, M. D. Rasera, C. I. Salimon, J. E. Richey, G. W. Holtgrieve et al., Physical controls on carbon dioxide transfer velocity and flux in lowgradient river systems and implications for regional carbon budgets, J. Geophys. Res, vol.116, p.17, 2011.

S. R. Alin, M. M. Rasera, C. I. Salimon, J. E. Richey, G. W. Holtgrieve et al., Physical controls on carbon dioxide transfer velocity and flux in low-gradient river systems and implications for regional carbon budgets, J. Geophys. Res, vol.116, p.17, 2011.

Z. Alshboul, J. Encinas-fernández, H. Hofmann, A. Lorke, J. Encinas-ferna et al., Export of dissolved methane and carbon dioxide with effluents from municipal wastewater treatment plants, Environ. Sci. Technol, 2016.

J. G. Arnold and P. M. Allen, Automated methods for estimating baseflow and ground water recharge from streamflow records, J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc, vol.35, pp.411-424, 1999.

A. K. Aufdenkampe, E. Mayorga, P. A. Raymond, J. M. Melack, S. C. Doney et al., Riverine coupling of biogeochemical cycles between land, oceans, and atmosphere, Front. Ecol. Environ, vol.9, pp.53-60, 2011.

O. Aumont, C. Ethé, A. Tagliabue, L. Bopp, and M. Gehlen, PISCES-v2: An ocean biogeochemical model for carbon and ecosystem studies, Geosci. Model Dev, vol.8, pp.2465-2513, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01496516

T. J. Battin, L. A. Kaplan, S. Findlay, C. S. Hopkinson, E. Marti et al., Biophysical controls on organic carbon fluxes in fluvial networks, Nat. Geosci, vol.2, pp.595-595, 2009.

T. J. Battin, S. Luyssaert, L. A. Kaplan, A. K. Aufdenkampe, A. Richter et al., The boundless carbon cycle, Nat. Geosci, vol.2, pp.598-600, 2009.

G. Billen and J. Garnier, Nitrogen transfers through the Seine drainage network : a budget based on the application of the ' Riverstrahler ' model, pp.139-150, 2000.

G. Billen, J. Garnier, A. Ficht, C. Cun, M. Curie et al., Modeling the Response of Water Quality in the Seine River Estuary to Human Activity in its Watershed Over the Last 50 Years, Estuaries, vol.24, pp.977-993, 2001.

G. Billen, J. Garnier, and P. Hanset, Modelling phytoplankton development in whole drainage networks: the RIVERSTRAHLER Model applied to the Seine river system, Hydrobiologia, vol.289, pp.119-137, 1994.

G. Billen, J. Garnier, J. Némery, M. Sebilo, . Sferratore et al., A longterm view of nutrient transfers through the Seine river continuum, Sci. Total Environ, vol.375, pp.80-97, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00386805

G. Billen, A. Ramarson, V. Thieu, S. Théry, M. Silvestre et al., Nitrate retention at the river-watershed interface: a new conceptual modeling approach, Biogeochemistry, vol.139, pp.31-51, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01822912

A. V. Borges, L. S. Schiettecatte, G. Abril, B. Delille, and F. Gazeau, Carbon dioxide in European coastal waters, Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci, vol.70, pp.375-387, 2006.

P. Borrelli, K. Van-oost, K. Meusburger, C. Alewell, E. Lugato et al., A step towards a holistic assessment of soil degradation in Europe: Coupling on-site erosion with sediment transfer and 635, pp.1444-1466, 2018.

S. C. Doney, K. Lindsay, K. Caldeira, J. M. Campin, H. Drange et al., Evaluating global ocean carbon models: The importance of realistic physics, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, vol.18, 2004.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00770786

T. W. Drake, P. A. Raymond, and R. G. Spencer, Terrestrial carbon inputs to inland waters: A current synthesis of estimates and uncertainty, Limnol. Oceanogr. Lett, 2017.

K. D. Dubois, D. Lee, and J. Veizer, Isotopic constraints on alkalinity, dissolved organic carbon, and atmospheric carbon dioxide fluxes in the Mississippi River, J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosciences, vol.115, 2010.

M. J. Ito, T. Dutkiewicz, and S. , On the solution of the carbonate chemistry system in ocean biogeochemistry models, Ocean Model, vol.12, pp.290-301, 2006.

J. Garnier and G. Billen, Production vs. respiration in river systems: an indicator of an "ecological status, Sci. Total Environ, vol.375, pp.110-134, 2007.

J. Garnier, G. Billen, and A. Cébron, Modelling nitrogen transformations in the lower Seine river and estuary (France): Impact of wastewater release on oxygenation and N2O emission, Hydrobiologia, vol.588, pp.291-302, 2007.

J. Garnier, G. Billen, and M. Coste, Seasonal succession of diatoms and Chlorophyceae in the drainage network of the Seine River: Observation and modeling, Limnol. Oceanogr, vol.40, pp.750-765, 1995.

J. Garnier, G. Billen, E. Hannon, S. Fonbonne, Y. Videnina et al., Modelling the Transfer and Retention of Nutrients in the Drainage Network of the Danube River, Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci, vol.54, pp.285-308, 2002.

J. Garnier, G. Billen, G. Vilain, A. Martinez, M. Silvestre et al., Nitrous oxide (N2O) in the Seine river and basin: Observations and budgets, Agric. Ecosyst. Environ, vol.133, pp.223-233, 2009.

J. Garnier, B. Leporcq, N. Sanchez, . Phillippon, J. Garnier et al., Biogeochemical mass-balances, vol.47, pp.119-146, 1999.

J. Garnier, A. Ramarson, G. Billen, S. Théry, D. Thiéry et al., Nutrient inputs and hydrology together determine biogeochemical status of the Loire River (France): Current situation and possible future scenarios, Sci. Total Environ, pp.609-624, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01792783

M. Guerrini, J. Mouchel, M. Meybeck, M. J. Penven, G. Hubert et al., Le bassin de la Seine : la confrontation du rural et de l'urbain, pp.29-73, 1998.

N. Gypens, .. V. Borges, and C. Lancelot, Effect of eutrophication on air-sea CO2 fluxes in the coastal Southern North Sea: A model study of the past 50 years, Glob. Chang. Biol, vol.15, pp.1040-1056, 2009.

N. Gypens, G. Lacroix, C. Lancelot, and .. V. Borges, Seasonal and inter-annual variability of air-sea CO2 fluxes and seawater carbonate chemistry in the Southern North Sea, Prog. Oceanogr, vol.88, pp.59-77, 2011.

F. Habets, A. Boone, J. L. Champeaux, P. Etchevers, L. Franchistéguy et al., The SAFRAN-ISBA-MODCOU hydrometeorological model applied over France, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos, vol.113, pp.1-18, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/meteo-00274446

D. T. Ho, N. Coffineau, B. Hickman, N. Chow, T. Koffman et al., Influence of current velocity and wind speed on air-water gas exchange in a mangrove estuary, Geophys. Res. Lett, vol.43, pp.3813-3821, 2015.

, French National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies, Recensement de la population, INSEE, 2015.

F. Joos, M. Bruno, R. Fink, U. Siegenthaler, T. F. Stocker et al., An efficient and accurate representation of complex oceanic and biospheric models of anthropogenic carbon uptake, Tellus, Ser. B Chem. Phys. Meteorol, vol.48, pp.397-417, 1996.

S. Kempe, Sinks of the anthropogenically enhanced carbon cycle in surface fresh waters, J. Geophys. Res, vol.89, p.4657, 1984.

S. Kempe, Long-term records of CO2 pressure fluctuations in fresh waters, Transp. carbon Miner. major world rivers, vol.1, pp.91-332, 1982.

E. Lacarce, C. Le-bas, J. L. Cousin, B. Pesty, B. Toutain et al., Data management for monitoring forest soils in Europe for the Biosoil project, Soil Use Manag, 2009.

G. G. Laruelle, A. Marescaux, R. Le-gendre, J. Garnier, C. Rabouille et al., Carbon dynamics along the Seine River network: insight from a coupled estuarine/river modeling approach, Frontiers in Marine Science, vol.6, 2019.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02139408

R. Lauerwald, G. G. Laruelle, J. Hartmann, P. Ciais, and P. A. Regnier, Spatial patterns in CO 2 evasion from the global river network, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, vol.29, pp.534-554, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01806195

S. Li, X. X. Lu, and R. T. Bush, CO2 partial pressure and CO2 emission in the Lower Mekong River, J. Hydrol, vol.504, pp.40-56, 2013.

F. T. Mackenzie, E. H. De-carlo, A. Lerman, A. ;--x-marescaux, A. Martinez et al., Coupled C, N, P, and O Biogeochemical Cycling at the Land-Ocean Interface, Treatise on Estuarine and Coastal Science, 2011.

, Dynamique des formes du carbone dans le continuum aquatique de la Seine, PIREN-Seine -phase VII -rapport 2016, p.12

A. Marescaux, V. Thieu, A. V. Borges, and J. Garnier, Seasonal and spatial variability of the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the human-impacted Seine River in France, Sci. Rep, vol.8, p.13961, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01876248

A. Marescaux, V. Thieu, and J. Garnier, Carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide emissions from the human-impacted Seine watershed in France, Sci. Total Environ, vol.643, pp.247-259, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01919638

A. Marescaux, V. Thieu, N. Gypens, M. Silvestre, and J. Garnier, Modélisation de la dynamique du carbone inorganique et organique dans les rivières de la Seine, PIREN-Seine phase VII, p.14, 2018.

A. Marescaux, V. Thieu, N. Gypens, M. Silvestre, and J. Garnier, Modelling carbon dynamics in the Seine River continuum in France, Water Research

A. Marx, M. Conrad, V. Aizinger, A. Prechtel, R. Van-geldern et al., Groundwater data improve modelling of headwater stream CO2outgassing with a stable DIC isotope approach, Biogeosciences, vol.15, pp.3093-3106, 2018.

A. Marx, J. Dusek, J. Jankovec, M. Sanda, T. Vogel et al., A review of CO2 and associated carbon dynamics in headwater streams: A global perspective, Rev. Geophys, vol.55, pp.560-585, 2017.

G. A. Meehl, T. F. Stocker, W. D. Collins, P. Friedlingstein, G. et al., Global Climate Projections, The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, p.996, 2007.

C. Mégnien, Synthèse géologique du bassin de Paris, Mémoires du BRGM Fr, 1980.

M. Menon, S. Rousseva, N. P. Nikolaidis, P. Van-gaans, P. Panagos et al., SoilTrEC: A global initiative on critical zone research and integration, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res, 2014.

M. Meybeck, Riverine transport of atmospheric carbon: Sources, global typology and budget, Water, Air, Soil Pollut, vol.70, pp.443-463, 1993.

F. J. Millero, The thermodynamics of the carbonate system in seawater, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, vol.43, pp.1651-1661, 1979.

C. Minaudo, F. Curie, Y. Jullian, N. Gassama, and F. Moatar, QUAL-NET, a high temporal-resolution eutrophication model for large hydrographic networks, Biogeosciences, vol.15, pp.2251-2269, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02377285

T. Nakayama, New perspective for eco-hydrology model to constrain missing role of inland waters on boundless biogeochemical cycle in terrestrial???aquatic continuum, Ecohydrol. Hydrobiol, vol.16, pp.138-148, 2016.

D. J. O'connor and W. E. Dobbins, Mechanism of reaeration in natural streams, Trans. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng, vol.123, pp.641-684, 1958.

M. G. Öquist, M. Wallin, J. Seibert, K. Bishop, and H. Laudon, Dissolved Inorganic Carbon Export Across the Soil / Stream Interface and Its Fate in a Boreal Headwater Stream, Environ. Sci. Technol, vol.43, pp.7364-7369, 2009.

P. Passy, R. Le-gendre, J. Garnier, P. Cugier, J. Callens et al., Eutrophication modelling chain for improved management strategies to prevent algal blooms in the Bay of Seine, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser, vol.543, pp.107-125, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01289717

G. J. Pelletier, S. C. Chapra, and H. Tao, QUAL2Kw -A framework for modeling water quality in streams and rivers using a genetic algorithm for calibration, Environ. Model. Softw, vol.21, pp.419-425, 2006.

D. Pierrot, D. E. Lewis, and D. W. Wallace, MS Excel Program Developed for CO2 System Calculations. ORNL/CDIAC-105a, Carbon Dioxide Inf. Anal. Center, 2006.

C. Pomerol, L. L. Feugueur, P. Masson, Y. T. Prairie, and J. J. Cole, Bassin de Paris: Ile de France, Pays de Bray, Guides géologiques régionaux, Carbon , Unifying Currency. Encycl. Inl. Waters, vol.2, pp.743-746, 1986.

. Qgis-development-team, QGIS Geographic Information System 2.18. Open Source Geospatial Found, 2016.

P. Quintana-seguí, P. Le-moigne, Y. Durand, E. Martin, F. Habets et al., Analysis of near-surface atmospheric variables: Validation of the SAFRAN analysis over France, J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol, vol.47, pp.92-107, 2008.

. R-core-team-;-r-core-team and . Lang, Environ. Stat. Comput. R Found. Stat. Comput, 2015.

P. A. Raymond, N. F. Caraco, and J. J. Cole, Carbon dioxide concentration and atmospheric flux in the Hudson River, Estuaries, vol.20, pp.381-390, 1997.

P. A. Raymond, J. Hartmann, R. Lauerwald, S. Sobek, C. Mcdonald et al., Global carbon dioxide emissions from inland waters, Nature, vol.503, pp.355-359, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01194582

P. A. Raymond, C. J. Zappa, D. Butman, T. L. Bott, J. Potter et al., Scaling the gas transfer velocity and hydraulic geometry in streams and small rivers, Limnol. Oceanogr. Fluids Environ, vol.2, pp.41-53, 2012.

P. Regnier, S. Arndt, N. Goossens, C. Volta, G. G. Laruelle et al., Modelling Estuarine Biogeochemical Dynamics: From the Local to the Global Scale, Aquat. Geochemistry, vol.19, pp.591-626, 2013.

P. Regnier, P. Friedlingstein, P. Ciais, F. T. Mackenzie, N. Gruber et al., Anthropogenic perturbation of the carbon fluxes from land to ocean, Nat. Geosci, vol.6, pp.597-607, 2013.

V. Rocher and S. Azimi, Evolution de la qualité de la Seine en lien avec les progrès de l'assainissement, Johanet, 2017.

E. Romero, R. Le-gendre, J. Garnier, G. Billen, C. Fisson et al., Long-term water quality in the lower Seine: Lessons learned over 4 decades of monitoring, Environ. Sci. Policy, vol.58, pp.141-154, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01288154

H. O. Sawakuchi, V. Neu, N. D. Ward, M. Barros, L. C. De et al., Carbon Dioxide Emissions along the Lower Amazon River. Front. Mar. Sci, vol.4, pp.1-12, 2017.

P. Servais, G. Billen, A. Goncalves, and T. Garcia-armisen, Modelling microbiological water quality in the Seine river drainage network: past, present and future situations, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss, vol.11, pp.1581-1592, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00330868

P. Servais, G. Billen, and M. C. Hascoët, Determination of the biodegradable fraction of dissolved organic matter in waters, Water Res, vol.21, pp.445-450, 1995.

A. Sferratore, G. Billen, J. Garnier, E. Smedberg, C. Humborg et al., Modelling nutrient fluxes from sub-arctic basins: Comparison of pristine vs. dammed rivers, J. Mar. Syst, vol.73, pp.236-249, 2008.

J. S. Smitz, E. Everbecq, J. Deliège, J. Descy, R. Wollast et al., PEGASE, une méthodologie et un outil de simulation prévisionnelle pour la gestion de la qualité des eaux de surface, 1997.

A. N. Strahler, Quantitative Analysis of Watershed Geomorphology, Geophys. Union Trans, vol.38, pp.913-920, 1957.

K. Tanaka, E. Kriegler, T. Bruckner, H. Georg, W. Knorr et al., Aggregated Carbon Cycle, Atmospheric Chemistry, and Climate Model (ACC2) -description of the forward and inverse modes, Reports Earth Syst. Sci. Max Planck Institue Meteorol. Hambg, vol.188, 2007.

K. Telmer and J. Veizer, Carbon fluxes, pCO2 and substrate weathering in a large northern river basin, Canada: Carbon isotope perspectives, Chem. Geol, vol.159, pp.61-86, 1999.

V. Thieu, G. Billen, and J. Garnier, Nutrient transfer in three contrasting NW European watersheds: the Seine, Somme, and Scheldt Rivers. A comparative application of the Seneque/Riverstrahler model, Water Res, vol.43, pp.1740-54, 2009.

V. Thieu, M. Silvestre, G. Billen, J. Garnier, P. Passy et al., Nutrient transfer in aquatic continuum and delivery to coastal zone: rising up the challenge of a generic application of the Riverstrahler ecological model to the watershed domain of the European North Atlantic Ocean, 2nd International Conference: Integrative Sciences and Sustainable Development of Rivers, p.2, 2015.

V. Thieu, M. Silvestre, G. Passy, P. Lassaletta, and L. , Nutrient transfer in aquatic continuum and delivery to coastal zone: rising up the challenge of a generic application of the Riverstrahler ecological model to the watershed domain of the European North Atlantic Ocean, 2nd International Conference: Integrative Sciences and Sustainable Development of Rivers, p.2, 2015.

G. Tóth, A. Jones, and L. Montanarella, LUCAS Topsoil Survey: Methodology, Data, and Results. Publ. Off. Eur. Union, ?, 2013.

R. L. Vannote, G. W. Minshall, K. W. Cummins, J. R. Sedell, and C. E. Cushing, The River Continuum Sommaire Introduction, 1980.

. .. Matériel,

. .. Étude-de-site, 155 1.2. Emissions de gaz à effet de serre d'origine agricole

. .. Résultats, Concentrations des gaz à effet de serre dans le réseau hydrologique

, Émissions comparées des gaz par compartiment de l'environnement

. .. Discussion,

. .. Bibliographie,

. Breón, puisque les mesures proviennent de tours à flux intégrant toutes les émissions, 2015.

(. France and . Boden, , 2013.

, doit porter en priorité sur le secteur urbain, tant en termes de transport, de chauffage, mais aussi d'industrie. Cependant, au-delà des réductions urbaines qui pourraient disposer d'options d'atténuation (technologies vertes, changements des modes de vie et de transport, meilleure isolation des bâtiments, etc.), il apparait que des changements structurels en agriculture

G. Abril, J. Martinez, L. F. Artigas, P. Moreira-turcq, M. F. Benedetti et al., , 2014.

, Amazon River carbon dioxide outgassing fuelled by wetlands, Nature, vol.505, pp.395-403

G. Abril, S. Bouillon, F. Darchambeau, C. R. Teodoru, T. R. Marwick et al., Technical Note: Large overestimation of pCO2 calculated from pH and alkalinity in acidic, organic-rich freshwaters, Biogeosciences, vol.12, pp.67-78, 2015.

E. Aguilera, G. Guzmán, and A. Alonso, Greenhouse gas emissions from conventional and organic cropping systems in Spain. II. Fruit tree orchards. Agronomy for Sustainable Developement, vol.35, pp.725-737, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01284288

E. Aguilera, L. Lassaletta, A. Sanz-cobena, J. Garnier, and A. Vallejo, The potential of organic fertilizers and water management to reduce N 2 O emissions in Mediterranean climate cropping systems. A review. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, vol.164, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01194704

N. Aissa-grouz, J. Garnier, and G. Billen, Long trend reduction of phosphorus wastewater loading in the Seine: determination of phosphorus speciation and sorption for modeling algal growth, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 1-14, 2016.

D. Bastviken, J. Cole, M. Pace, and L. Tranvik, Methane emissions from lakes: Dependence of lake characteristics, two regional assessments, and a global estimate, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, vol.18, pp.1-12, 2004.

T. J. Battin, L. A. Kaplan, S. Findlay, C. S. Hopkinson, E. Marti et al., Biophysical controls on organic carbon fluxes in fluvial networks, Nat. Geosci, vol.2, pp.595-595, 2009.

T. J. Battin, S. Luyssaert, L. A. Kaplan, A. K. Aufdenkampe, A. Richter et al., The boundless carbon cycle, Nat. Geosci, vol.2, pp.598-600, 2009.

M. Benoit, J. Garnier, G. Billen, J. Tournebize, E. Gréhan et al., Nitrous oxide emissions and nitrate leaching in an organic and a conventional cropping system (Seine basin, France), Agric. Ecosyst. Environ, vol.213, pp.131-141, 2015.

T. A. Boden, G. Marland, and R. J. Andres, Global, Regional, and National Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emissions, Carbon Dioxide Inf. Anal. Center, vol.53, pp.1689-1699, 2013.

A. V. Borges, F. Darchambeau, T. Lambert, S. Bouillon, C. Morana et al., Effects of Agricultural Land Use on Fluvial Carbon Dioxide, Methane and Nitrous Oxide Concentrations in a Large European River, the Meuse (Belgium), Sci. Total Environ, vol.342, p.355, 2017.

A. F. Bouwman, Direct emission of nitrous oxide from agricultural soils, Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosystems, vol.46, pp.53-70, 1996.

F. M. Breón, G. Broquet, V. Puygrenier, F. Chevallier, I. Xueref-remy et al., An attempt at estimating Paris area CO2 emissions from atmospheric concentration measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys, vol.15, pp.1707-1724, 2015.

M. Burgos, T. Ortega, and J. M. Forja, Temporal and spatial variation of N2O production from estuarine and marine shallow systems of Cadiz Bay (SW, Spain), Sci. Total Environ, pp.141-151, 2017.

D. Butman and P. Raymond, Significant efflux of carbon dioxide from streams and rivers in the United States, 2011.

. Geosci, , vol.4, pp.839-842

M. L. Cayuela, E. Aguilera, A. Sanz-cobena, D. C. Adams, D. Abalos et al., Direct nitrous oxide emissions in Mediterranean climate cropping systems: emission factors based on a meta-analysis of available, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01771776

P. Ciais, C. Sabine, G. Bala, L. Bopp, V. Brovkin et al., Carbon and Other Biogeochemical Cycles. Clim. Chang. 2013 -Phys. Sci, 2013.

P. J. Crutzen, I. Aselmann, and W. Seiler, Methane Production by Domestic Animals, Wild Ruminants, Other Herbivorous Fauna, and Humans. Tellus, vol.38, pp.271-284, 1986.

B. A. Denfeld, K. E. Frey, W. V. Sobczak, P. J. Mann, and R. M. Holmes, Summer CO2 evasion from streams and rivers in the Kolyma river basin, north-east Siberia, Polar Res, vol.32, pp.1-15, 2013.

S. Doublet, CLIMAGRI : bilan énergies et GES des territoires ruraux, la ferme France en 2006 et 4 scénarios pour 2030. Rapport ADEME. Available at, 2011.

J. A. Dyer, S. N. Kulshreshtha, B. G. Mcconkey, and R. L. Desjardins, An assessment of fossil fuel energy use and CO2 emissions from farm field operations using a regional level crop and land use database for Canada, Energy, vol.35, pp.2261-2269, 2010.

C. Ena-;-galy-lacaux, R. Delmas, C. Jambert, J. F. Dumestre, L. Labroue et al., Gaseous emissions and oxygen consumption in hydroelectric dams: A case study in French Guyana, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, vol.11, pp.471-483, 1997.

J. Garnier, J. Némery, G. Billen, and S. Théry, Nutrient dynamics and control of eutrophication in the Marne River system: Modelling the role of exchangeable phosphorus, J. Hydrol, vol.304, pp.397-412, 2005.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00382118

J. Garnier, G. Billen, and A. Cébron, Modelling nitrogen transformations in the lower Seine river and estuary (France): Impact of wastewater release on oxygenation and N2O emission, Hydrobiologia, vol.588, pp.291-302, 2007.

J. Garnier, G. Billen, G. Vilain, A. Martinez, M. Silvestre et al., Nitrous oxide (N2O) in the Seine river and basin: Observations and budgets, Agric. Ecosyst. Environ, vol.133, pp.223-233, 2009.

J. Garnier, E. M. Mounier, A. M. Laverman, and G. F. Billen, Potential Denitrification and Nitrous Oxide Production in the Sediments of the Seine River Drainage Network (France), J. Environ. Qual, vol.39, p.449, 2010.

J. Garnier, G. Vilain, M. Silvestre, G. Billen, S. Jehanno et al., Budget of methane emissions from soils, livestock and the river network at the regional scale of the Seine basin (France), Biogeochemistry, vol.116, pp.199-214, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01019197

J. Garnier, A. Ramarson, G. Billen, S. Théry, D. Thiéry et al., Nutrient inputs and hydrology together determine biogeochemical status of the Loire River (France): current situation and possible future scenarios, Science of the Total Environment. 637, vol.638, pp.609-624, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01792783

J. Garnier, L. Noë, J. Marescaux, A. Sanz-cobena, A. Lassaletta et al., , 2018.

, Trajectoire à long terme des émissions de gaz à effet de serre de l'agriculture française (1852-2014) : de l'agriculture traditionnelle aux systèmes spécialisés intensifs. PIREN-Seine phase VII, p.15, 2018.

J. Garnier, J. Le-noë, A. Marescaux, A. Sanz-cobena, L. Lassaletta et al., Long term changes in greenhouse gas emissions of French agriculture (1852-2014): from traditional agriculture to conventional intensive systems, Sci. Tot. Environ, 2019.

. Giec/ipcc, Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Reference Manual, 1997.

. Giec/ipcc, Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. IPCC, 2014.

S. L. Gilhespy, S. Anthony, L. Cardenas, D. Chadwick, A. Del-prado et al., First 20 years of DNDC (DeNitrification DeComposition): Model evolution, Ecological Modelling, vol.292, pp.51-62, 2014.

S. Gingrich, K. Erb, F. Krausmann, V. Gaube, and H. Haberl, Long-term dynamics of terrestrial carbon stocks in Austria: a comprehensive assessment of the time period from 1830 to, vol.7, pp.37-47, 2000.

J. Gu, D. Loustau, C. Hénault, P. Rochette, P. Cellier et al., Modeling nitrous oxide emissions from tile-drained winter wheat fields in Central France, Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, vol.98, pp.27-40, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01192472

F. Guérin, G. Abril, S. Richard, B. Burban, C. Reynouard et al., Methane and carbon dioxide emissions from tropical reservoirs: Significance of downstream rivers, Geophys. Res. Lett, vol.33, pp.1-6, 2006.

D. L. Hartmann, A. M. Klein-tank, M. Rusticucci, L. V. Alexander, S. Brönnimann et al., Observations: Atmosphere and surface, in: Climate Change 2013 the Physical Science Basis: Working Group I Contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, pp.159-254, 2013.

W. Huang, Y. Bi, Z. Hu, K. Zhu, W. Zhao et al., Spatio-temporal variations of GHG emissions from surface water of Xiangxi River in Three Gorges Reservoir region, China. Ecol. Eng, vol.83, pp.28-32, 2015.

Z. Jia, T. Liu, X. Xia, and N. Xia, Effect of particle size and composition of suspended sediment on denitrification in river water, Sci. Total Environ, vol.541, pp.934-940, 2016.

J. B. Jones and P. J. Mulholland, Influence of drainage basin topography and elevation on carbon dioxide and methane supersaturation of stream water, Biogeochemistry, vol.40, pp.57-72, 1998.

S. Kempe, Long-term records of CO2 pressure fluctuations in fresh waters, Transp. carbon Miner. major world rivers, vol.1, pp.91-332, 1982.

L. Noë, J. Billen, G. Esculier, F. Garnier, and J. , Long term socio-ecological trajectories of agro-food systems revealed by N and P flows: the case of French regions from 1852 to, Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, vol.265, pp.132-143, 2014.

A. Marescaux, V. Thieu, A. Martinez, B. Mercier, and J. Garnier, Bilan des gaz à effet de serre dans le réseau hydrographique de la Seine, PIREN-Seine -phase VII -rapport, p.15, 2017.

A. Marescaux, V. Thieu, A. V. Borges, and J. Garnier, Seasonal and spatial variability of the partial pressure of CO2 in the human-impacted Seine River (2018): present-day and long-term, Scientific Reports, vol.8, p.13961, 2018.

A. Marescaux, V. Thieu, and J. Garnier, Carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide emissions from the humanimpacted Seine watershed in France, Science of the Total Environment, vol.643, pp.247-259, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01919638

D. F. Mcginnis, N. Bilsley, M. Schmidt, P. Fietzek, P. Bodmer et al., , 2016.

, Deconstructing Methane Emissions from a Small Northern European River: Hydrodynamics and Temperature as Key Drivers, Environ. Sci. Technol, vol.50, pp.11680-11687

C. Mignolet, C. Schott, and M. Benoît, Spatial dynamics of farming practices in the Seine basin: Methods for agronomic approaches on a regional scale, Sci. Total Environ, vol.375, pp.13-32, 2007.

A. R. Moss, J. Jouany, and J. Newbold, Methane production by ruminants: its global contribution to global warming, Annales de Zootechnie, vol.49, pp.231-253, 2000.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00889894

G. Myhre, D. Shindell, F. Bréon, W. Collins, J. Fuglestvedt et al., Anthropogenic and Natural Radiative Forcing. Clim. Chang, Phys. Sci. Basis. Contrib. Work. Gr. I to Fifth Assess. Rep. Intergov. Panel Clim. Chang, pp.659-740, 2013.

D. E. Pataki, R. J. Alig, A. S. Fung, N. E. Golubiewski, C. A. Kennedy et al., Urban ecosystems and the North American carbon cycle, Glob. Chang. Biol, vol.12, pp.2092-2102, 2006.

D. Pierrot, D. E. Lewis, and D. W. Wallace, MS Excel Program Developed for CO2 System Calculations. ORNL/CDIAC-105a, Carbon Dioxide Inf. Anal. Center, 2006.

Y. T. Prairie and C. M. Duarte, Direct and indirect metabolic CO2 release by humanity, Biogeosciences Discuss, vol.3, pp.1781-1789, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00297717

L. Ran, X. X. Lu, and S. Liu, Dynamics of riverine CO2 in the Yangtze River fluvial network and their implications for carbon evasion, Biogeosciences, vol.14, pp.2183-2198, 2017.

P. A. Raymond, C. J. Zappa, D. Butman, T. L. Bott, J. Potter et al., Scaling the gas transfer velocity and hydraulic geometry in streams and small rivers, Limnol. Oceanogr. Fluids Environ, vol.2, pp.41-53, 2012.

J. E. Richey, J. M. Melack, A. K. Aufdenkampe, V. M. Ballester, and L. L. Hess, Outgassing from Amazonian rivers and wetlands as a large tropical source of atmospheric CO2, Nature, vol.416, pp.617-620, 2002.

H. O. Sawakuchi, D. Bastviken, A. O. Sawakuchi, A. V. Krusche, M. V. Ballester et al., Methane emissions from Amazonian Rivers and their contribution to the global methane budget, Glob. Chang. Biol, vol.20, pp.2829-2840, 2014.

S. P. Seitzinger, C. Kroeze, and R. V. Styles, Global distribution of N2O emissions from aquatic systems: Natural emissions and anthropogenic effects, Chemosph. -Glob. Chang. Sci, vol.2, pp.15-20, 2000.

U. Skiba, I. P. Mctaggart, K. A. Smith, K. Hargreaves, and D. Fowler, Estimates of nitrous oxide emissions from soil in the UK. Energy Conservation and Management, vol.37, pp.337-338, 1996.

K. A. Smith, I. P. Mctaggart, and H. Tsuruta, Emissions of N 2 O and NO associated with nitrogen fertilization in intensive agriculture, and the potential for mitigation. Soil Use and Management, vol.13, pp.296-304, 1997.

N. Soumis, É. Duchemin, R. Canuel, and M. Lucotte, Greenhouse gas emissions from reservoirs of the western United States, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, vol.18, pp.1-11, 2004.

M. Springmann, M. Clark, D. Mason-d'croz, K. Wiebe, B. L. Bodirsky et al., Options for keeping the food system within environmental limits, 2018.

J. Staufer, G. Broquet, F. M. Bréon, V. Puygrenier, F. Chevallier et al., The first 1-year-long estimate of the Paris region fossil fuel CO2 emissions based on atmospheric inversion, Atmos. Chem. Phys, vol.16, pp.14703-14726, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01587356

P. A. Turner, T. J. Griffis, X. Lee, J. M. Baker, R. T. Venterea et al., Indirect nitrous oxide emissions from streams within the US Corn Belt scale with stream order, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, vol.112, 2015.

J. J. Venkiteswaran, S. L. Schiff, and M. B. Wallin, Large carbon dioxide fluxes from headwater boreal and subboreal streams, PLoS One, vol.9, pp.22-25, 2014.

M. Vermorel, J. Jouany, M. Eugèn, D. Sauvant, J. Noblet et al., Evaluation quantitative des émissions de méthane entérique par les animaux d'élevage en 2007 en France, INRA Productions Animales, vol.21, pp.403-418, 2008.

G. Vilain, J. Garnier, C. Decuq, and M. Lugnot, Nitrous oxide production from soil experiments: Denitrification prevails over nitrification, Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosystems, vol.98, pp.169-186, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01192457

L. Vilmin, N. Flipo, C. Fouquet, . De, and M. Poulin, Science of the Total Environment Pluri-annual sediment budget in a navigated river system : The Seine River ( France ), Sci. Total Environ, vol.502, pp.48-59, 2015.

X. Wang, Y. He, X. Yuan, H. Chen, C. Peng et al., Greenhouse gases concentrations and fluxes from subtropical small reservoirs in relation with watershed urbanization, Atmos. Environ, vol.154, pp.225-235, 2017.

R. Wanninkhof, Relationship Between Wind Speed and Gas Exchange, J. Geophys. Res, vol.97, pp.7373-7382, 1992.

C. R. Wilke and P. Chang, Correlation of diffusion coefficients in dilute solutions, AIChE J, vol.1, pp.264-270, 1955.

L. Wu, G. Broquet, P. Ciais, V. Bellassen, F. Vogel et al., What would dense atmospheric observation networks bring to the quantification of city CO2emissions?, Atmos. Chem. Phys, vol.16, pp.7743-7771, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01587290

X. Xia, T. Liu, Z. Yang, G. Michalski, S. Liu et al., Enhanced nitrogen loss from rivers through coupled nitrification-denitrification caused by suspended sediment, Sci. Total Environ, vol.579, pp.47-59, 2017.

Z. Yu, H. Deng, D. Wang, M. Ye, Y. Tan et al., Nitrous oxide emissions in the Shanghai river network: Implications for the effects of urban sewage and IPCC methodology, Glob. Chang. Biol, vol.19, pp.2999-3010, 2013.

J. B. Zhou, M. M. Jiang, and G. Q. Chen, Estimation of methane and nitrous oxide emission from livestock and poultry in China during, Energy Policy, vol.35, pp.3759-3767, 2007.

J. Zimmermann, R. Carolan, P. Forrestal, M. Harty, G. Lanigan et al., Assessing the performance of three frequently used biogeochemical models when simulating N 2 O emissions from a range of soil types and fertiliser treatments, Geoderma, vol.331, pp.53-69, 2018.

, Flux de nutriments dans le continuum Homme-Terre-Mer : évaluation de scénarios agricoles et impacts du changement climatique

, Alain Menesguen, vol.2

. Su-cnrs-ephe-umr-metis, Boite, vol.7619

C. Ifremer and . Bretagne,

U. Ifremer, . De-recherche, and . Lagons, Ecosystèmes et Aquaculture Durable

. Su-cnrs and . Fire-fr, Boite, vol.3020, p.75005

C. Ifremer and . Bretagne, Dép. Océanog. et Dynamique Ecosystème, p.29280

. Plouzané-de-traitement, et l'outil GRAFS permet de prendre en compte, en amont de RIVERSTRAHLER, les sources diffuses provenant de l'agriculture. En aval, le modèle ECO-MARS 3D de la zone côtière

. .. La-zone-d'étude,

. .. Les-approches-de-modélisation, GR4J-CEMANEIGE, un modèle hydrologique pour la prise en compte du changement climatique

.. .. Impacts-À-la-zone-côtière,

. .. Discussion,

. .. Bibliographie,

. Garnier, et des scénarios du traitement des eaux usées et des changements agricoles, les charges ponctuelles urbaines sont dérivées des bases de données des Agences de l'Eau, 2019.

. Bossard, , vol.EEA, 2000.

. Billen, saa) pour l'année 2006), ou pour concevoir des scénarios prospectifs cohérents des systèmes agro-alimentaires, Billen et al, 2013 annuelle française, 2013.

. Gr4j-cemaneige,

. Gr4j-(perrin, BFLOW (Lyne et Hollick, 1979.

E. Le-modèle and . Est-développé-À-l'ifremer-(ménesguen, modules (dynamique sédimentaire, biogéochimie, etc.) peuvent être consultés sur le site Web suivant, 1997.

. Ménesguen, Parmi les principaux éléments essentiels à la constitution de la matière vivante, N, Si et P sont considérés (i) sous leur forme minérale, (ii) inclus dans la matière vivante et (iii) sous leur forme détritique. Le modèle biogéochimique est donc un modèle NPZD (Nutriments, Phytoplancton, Zooplancton, Détritus), 1998.

. Voir-lelong, Le module PSN inclus dans le modèle général ECO-MARS3D constitue, par rapport aux autres groupes de phytoplancton, un nouveau compétiteur pour les éléments nutritifs et la lumière. Il n'est pas encore clair si toutes les espèces de PSN produisent de l'acide domoïque (AD), une substance neurotoxique, Récemment, un module spécifique a été implémenté pour représenter une catégorie particulière des diatomées, celle du genre Pseudo-nitzschia (PSN), 1999.

. Raimonet, Le choix d'utiliser les réanalyses MESAN a été fait pour deux raisons: (i) ces réanalyses utilisent un réseau dense d'observations de précipitation et de température, ce qui conduit à des forçages fiables pour le modèle hydrologique (Raimonet et al., 2017b) et (ii) la résolution de la grille MESAN est relativement fine, 5°, les champs nécessaires pour forcer l'écosystème du modèle (vent, pression atmosphérique, température ambiante, couverture nuageuse, humidité relative)météorologiques, vol.comme forçages température, 2005.

J. , 2014) sur lequel les projections climatiques ont également été produites à l'échelle européenne. Pour les simulations prospectives, nous avons en effet utilisé les sorties de modèles climatiques EURO-CORDEX, la période 2000-2010 quel que soit le forçage utilisé -réanalyses MESAN et projections BC-CORDEX, 2016.

. Regnier, continuum terre-mer, 2014.

B. Aissa-grouz, A. Garnier, J. Billen, G. Mercier, B. Martinez et al., The response of river nitrification to changes in wastewater treatment (The case of the lower Seine River downstream from Paris), Ann. Limnol. -Int. J. Lim, vol.51, pp.351-364, 2015.

N. Aissa-grouz, J. Garnier, and G. Billen, Long trend reduction of phosphorus wastewater loading in the Seine: Determination of phosphorus speciation and sorption for modeling algal growth, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res, vol.25, p.23515, 2018.

D. M. Anderson, J. M. Burkholder, W. P. Cochlan, P. M. Glibert, C. J. Gobler et al., Harmful algal blooms and eutrophication: Examining linkages from selected coastal regions of the United States, Harmful Algae, vol.8, pp.39-53, 2008.

J. Anglade, G. Billen, J. Garnier, T. Makridis, T. Puech et al., Agro-environmental performance of organic compared to conventional cash crop farming in the Seine watershed, Agric. Syst, vol.139, pp.82-92, 2015.

J. Anglade, G. Billen, and J. Garnier, Reconquérir la qualité de l'eau en régions de grande culture: agriculture biologique et reconnexion avec l'élevage. Fourrages, vol.231, pp.257-268, 2017.

J. G. Arnold and P. M. Allen, Automated methods for estimating baseflow and ground water recharge from streamflow records, J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc, vol.35, pp.411-424, 1999.

C. Belin and B. Raffin, Les espèces phytoplanctoniques toxiques et nuisibles sur le littoral français de, 1984.

G. Billen and J. Garnier, The Phison River Plume: coastal eutrophication in response to changes in land use and water management in the watershed, Aquat. Microb. Ecol, vol.13, pp.3-17, 1997.

G. Billen, J. Garnier, A. Ficht, and C. Cun, Modelling the response of water quality in the Seine Estuary to human activity in its watershed over the last 50 years, Estuaries, vol.24, pp.977-993, 2001.

G. Billen and J. Garnier, River basin nutrient delivery to the coastal sea: assessing its potential to sustain new production of non siliceous algae, Mar. Chem, vol.106, pp.148-160, 2007.

G. Billen, J. Garnier, and L. Lassaletta, Modelling the nitrogen cascade from watershed soils to the sea: from regional to global scales, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B, vol.368, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01195674

G. Billen, J. Le-noë, and J. Garnier, Two contrasted future scenarios for the French agro-food system, Sci. Total Environ, pp.695-705, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01955552

M. Bossard, J. Feranec, and J. Otahel, CORINE land cover technical guide -Addendum, European Environment Agency Available, 2000.

J. A. Busch, K. B. Andree, J. Diogene, M. Fernandez-tejedor, K. Toebe et al., Toxigenic algae and associated phycotoxins in two coastal embayments in the Ebro Delta, Harmful Algae, pp.191-201, 2016.

A. Casanueva, S. Kotlarski, S. Herrera, J. Fernández, J. M. Gutiérrez et al., Daily precipitation statistics in a EURO-CORDEX RCM ensemble: added value of raw and bias-corrected high-resolution simulations, Clim. Dyn, vol.47, pp.719-737, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01587568

J. E. Cloern, Our evolving conceptual model of the coastal eutrophication problem, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser, vol.210, pp.223-253, 2001.

J. E. Cloern, P. C. Abreu, J. Carstensen, L. Chauvaud, R. Elmgren et al., Human activities and climate variability drive fast-paced change across the world's estuarine-coastal ecosystems, Glob. Change Biol, vol.22, pp.513-529, 2016.

D. J. Conley, S. S. Kilham, and E. C. Theriot, Differences in silica content between marine and freshwater diatoms, Limnol. Oceanogr, vol.34, pp.205-213, 1989.

P. Cugier, G. Billen, J. F. Guillaud, J. Garnier, and A. Ménesguen, Modelling the eutrophication of the Seine Bight (France) under historical, present and future riverine nutrient loading, J. Hydrol, vol.304, pp.381-396, 2005.

K. Davidson and J. Fehling, Modelling the influence of silicon and phosphorus limitation on the growth and toxicity of Pseudo-nitzschia seriata, Harmful Algae, vol.28, pp.357-360, 2004.

X. Desmit, V. Thieu, G. Billen, F. Campuzano, V. Dulière et al., Reducing marine eutrophication may require a paradigmatic change, CLC2006 technical guidelines, vol.635, pp.1444-1466, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01840027

J. Garnier, G. Billen, and M. Coste, Seasonnal succession of diatoms and Chlorophyceae in the drainage network of the river Seine: Observations and modelling, Limnol. Oceanogr, vol.40, pp.750-765, 1995.

J. Garnier, G. Billen, M. Akopian, J. Némery, S. Pinault et al., Développement des peuplements végétaux dans le Bassin de la Marne: Dynamique des nutriments et eutrophisation. Contrôle par les organismes filtreurs. Rapport synthèse Piren-Seine, 1998.

J. Garnier, G. Billen, E. Hannon, S. Fonbonne, Y. Videnina et al., Modeling transfer and retention of nutrients in the drainage network of the Danube River, Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci, vol.54, pp.285-308, 2002.

J. Garnier, G. Billen, C. , and A. , Modelling nitrogen transformations in the lower Seine river and estuary (France): impact of wastewater release on oxygenation and N2O emission, Hydrobiologia, vol.588, pp.291-302, 2007.

J. Garnier, G. Billen, J. Némery, and M. Sebilo, Transformations of nutrients (N, P, Si) in the turbidity maximum zone of the Seine estuary and export to the sea, Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci, vol.90, pp.129-141, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00563909

J. Garnier, G. Billen, J. Némery, and M. Sebilo, Transformations of nutrients (N, P, Si) in the turbidity maximum zone of the Seine estuary and export to the sea, Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci, vol.90, pp.129-141, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00563909

J. Garnier, A. Beusen, V. Thieu, G. Billen, and L. Bouwman, N:P:Si nutrient export ratios and ecological consequences in coastal seas evaluated by the ICEP approach. Special issue "Past and Future Trends in Nutrient Export from Global Watersheds and Impacts on Water Quality and Eutrophication, Global Biogeochem. Cy, vol.24, pp.0-05, 2010.

J. Garnier, P. Passy, V. Thieu, J. Callens, M. Silvestre et al., Flux de nutriments de la Seine et des fleuves côtier normands et picards : modélisation et exploration de scénarios alternatifs, the Watershed Biogeochemical Dynamics at Large River-Coastal Interfaces: Linkages with Global Climate Change, p.26, 2014.

J. Garnier, G. Billen, R. Legendre, P. Riou, P. Cugier et al., Managing the agri-food system of the watershed to combat coastal eutrophication: a land-to-sea modelling approach to the French coastal Channel. Geosciences special issue Garnier, Sci. Total Environ, 2019.

M. Giani, T. Djakovac, D. Degobbis, S. Cozzi, C. Solidoro et al., Recent changes in the marine ecosystems of the northern Adriatic Sea, Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci, vol.115, pp.1-13, 2012.

J. Guillaud and A. Ménesguen, Modélisation sur vingt ans (1976-1995) de la production phytoplanctonique en baie de Seine, Oceanol. Acta, vol.21, pp.887-906, 1998.

J. Huang, C. Xu, B. G. Ridoutt, X. Wang, and P. Ren, Nitrogen and phosphorus losses and eutrophication potential associated with fertilizer application to cropland in China, J. Clean. Prod, vol.159, pp.171-179, 2017.

D. Justi?, N. N. Rabalais, and R. E. Turner, Stoichiometric nutrient balance and origin of coastal eutrophication, Mar. Pollut. Bull, vol.30, pp.41-46, 1995.

C. Klein, P. Claquin, V. Bouchart, B. Le-roy, and B. Veron, Dynamics of Pseudo-nitzschia spp. and domoic acid production in a macrotidal ecosystem of the Eastern English Channel, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02433681

, Harmful Algae, vol.9, pp.218-226

C. Lancelot, V. Thieu, A. Polard, J. Garnier, G. Billen et al., Ecological and economic effectiveness of nutrient reduction policies on coastal Phaeocystis colony blooms in the Southern North Sea: an integrated modeling approach, Sci. Total Environ, vol.409, pp.2179-2191, 2011.

T. Landelius, P. Dahlgren, S. Gollvik, A. Jansson, and E. Olsson, A high-resolution regional reanalysis for Europe. Part 2: 2D analysis of surface temperature, precipitation and wind, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc, vol.142, pp.2132-2142, 2016.

G. G. Laruelle, A. Marescaux, J. Garnier, L. Gendre, R. Thieu et al., Carbon dynamics along the Seine River network: insight from a coupled estuarine/river modeling approach. Frontier in Marine Science, 2019.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02139408

P. Lazure and F. Dumas, An external-internal mode coupling for a 3D hydrodynamical model for applications at regional scale (MARS), 2008.

, Adv. Water Resour, vol.31, pp.233-250

L. Noë, J. Billen, G. Garnier, and J. , Nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon fluxes through the French Agro-Food System: an application of the GRAFS approach at the territorial scale, Sci. Total Environ, vol.586, pp.42-55, 2017.

A. Lelong, H. Hegaret, P. Soudant, and S. S. Bates, Pseudo-nitzschia (Bacillariophyceae) species, domoic acid and amnesic shellfish poisoning: revisiting previous paradigms, Phycologia, vol.51, pp.168-216, 2012.

V. Lyne and M. Hollick, Stochastic time-variable rainfall-runoff modelling, Hydrology and Water Resources Symposium, Berth, Australia, Proceedings. National Committee on Hydrology and Water Resources of the Institution of Engineers, pp.89-92, 1979.

A. Ménesguen and T. Hoch, Modelling the biogeochemical cycles of elements limiting primary production in the English Channel, I. Role of thermohaline stratification, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser, vol.146, pp.173-188, 1997.

A. Ménesguen, X. Desmit, V. Dulière, G. Lacroix, B. Thouvenin et al., How to avoid eutrophication in coastal seas? A new approach to derive river-specific combined nitrate and phosphate maximum concentrations, Sci. Total Environ, pp.400-414, 2018.

A. Ménesguen, M. Dussauze, F. Dumas, B. Thouvenin, V. Garnier et al., Ecological model of the Bay of Biscay and English Channel shelf for environmental status assessment part 1: Nutrients, phytoplankton and oxygen, vol.133, pp.56-78, 2018.

A. Ménesguen, M. Dussauze, and B. Thouvenin, Ecological model of the Bay of Biscay and English Channel shelf for ecological status assessment. Part 2: Three types of HAB (Karenia, Phaeocystis, Pseudonitzschia) and their link with nitrogen anthropogenic enrichment.Ocean Modelling, 2019.

L. Oudin, V. Andréassian, C. Perrin, C. Michel, L. Moine et al., Spatial proximity, physical similarity, regression and ungaged catchments: A comparison of regionalization approaches based on 913 French catchments, Water Resour. Res, vol.44, p.3413, 2008.

L. Oudin, F. Hervieu, C. Michel, C. Perrin, V. Andréassian et al., Which potential evapotranspiration input for a lumped rainfall-runoff model?: Part 2-Towards a simple and efficient potential evapotranspiration model for rainfall-runoff modelling, J. Hydrol, vol.303, pp.290-306, 2005.

M. L. Parsons, C. A. Scholin, P. E. Miller, G. J. Doucette, C. L. Powell et al., Pseudo-nitzschia species (Bacillariophyceae) in Louisiana coastal waters: Molecular probe field trials, genetic variability, and domoic acid analyses, J. Phycol, vol.35, pp.1368-1378, 1999.

P. Passy, N. Gypens, G. Billen, J. Garnier, C. Lancelot et al., A model reconstruction of riverine nutrient fluxes and eutrophication in the Belgian Coastal Zone since 1984, J. Mar. System, vol.128, pp.106-122, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01195675

P. Passy, R. Le-gendre, J. Garnier, P. Cugier, J. Callens et al., Eutrophication modelling chain for improved management strategies to prevent algal blooms in the Seine Bight, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser, vol.543, pp.107-125, 2016.

C. Pénard, Détection satellitaire et modélisation opérationnelle de la production végétale non-fixée (phytoplancton et ulves) dans la bande côtière bretonne, vol.227, p.p. + annexes, 2009.

L. Peperzak and M. Poelman, Mass mussel mortality in The Netherlands after a bloom of Phaeocystis globosa (prymnesiophyceae), J. Sea Res, vol.60, pp.220-222, 2008.

C. Perrin, C. Michel, A. , and V. , Improvement of a parsimonious model for streamflow simulation, J. Hydrol, vol.279, pp.275-289, 2003.

N. N. Rabalais, R. J. Díaz, L. A. Levin, R. E. Turner, D. Gilbert et al., Dynamics and distribution of natural and human-caused coastal hypoxia, Biogeosciences, vol.7, pp.585-619, 2010.

G. Radach and J. Patsch, Variability of Continental Riverine Freshwater and Nutrient Inputs into the North Sea for the Years 1977-2000 and Its Consequences for the Assessment of Eutrophication, Estuar. Coasts, vol.30, pp.66-81, 2007.

M. Raimonet, V. Thieu, M. Silvestre, L. Oudin, C. Rabouille et al., Evaluer les impacts du changement climatique sur le fonctionnement hydro-biogéochimique de la Seine, PIREN-Seine -phase VII -rapport 2017, 22 pp Raimonet, vol.46, pp.585-595, 2017.

M. Raimonet, L. Oudin, V. Thieu, M. Silvestre, R. Vautard et al., Evaluation of Gridded Meteorological Datasets for Hydrological Modeling, J. Hydrometeorol, 2017.

M. Raimonet, V. Thieu, M. Silvestre, L. Oudin, C. Rabouille et al., Coastal eutrophication potential under future climate change: a landward perspective. Frontiers in Marine Science, section Marine Biogeochemistry, vol.5, p.136, 2018.

A. C. Redfield, B. H. Ketchum, and F. A. Richards, The influence of organisms on the composition of seawater, The Sea, pp.12-37, 1963.

P. Regnier, S. Arndt, N. Goossens, C. Volta, G. G. Laruelle et al., Modelling Estuarine Biogeochemical Dynamics: From the Local to the Global Scale, Aquat. Geochem, vol.19, pp.591-626, 2014.

E. Romero, J. Garnier, L. Lassaletta, G. Billen, R. Le-gendre et al., Large-scale patterns of river inputs in SW Europe: seasonal and interannual variations and potential eutrophication effects at the coastal zone, Biogeochemistry, vol.113, pp.481-505, 2013.

E. Romero, J. Garnier, G. Billen, A. Ramarson, P. Riou et al., The biogeochemical functioning of the Seine estuary and the nearby coastal zone: export, retention and transformations. A modelling approach, Limnol. Oceanogr, 2018.

J. Salomon, M. ;. Breton, G. C. Pitcher, B. Reguera, and T. J. Smayda, The distribution and impacts of harmful algal bloom species in eastern boundary upwelling systems, Prog. Oceanogr, vol.16, pp.33-52, 1993.

M. J. Ulloa, P. Álvarez-torres, K. P. Horak-romo, and R. Ortega-izaguirre, Harmful algal blooms and eutrophication along the mexican coastof the Gulf of Mexico large marine ecosystem, Environ. Dev, vol.22, pp.120-128, 2017.

. Uwwtd-eu-directive, , pp.40-52

A. Valéry, V. Andréassian, and C. Perrin, Regionalization of precipitation and air temperature over highaltitude catchments learning from outliers, Hydrol. Sci. J, vol.55, pp.928-940, 2010.

D. Vilicic, M. Kuzmic, I. Tomazi, Z. Ljubesic, S. Bosak et al., Northern Adriatic phytoplankton response to short Po River discharge pulses during summer stratified conditions, Mar. Ecol, vol.34, pp.451-466, 2013.

M. L. Wells, C. G. Trick, W. P. Cochlan, M. P. Hughe, and V. L. Trainer, Domoic acid: The synergy of iron, copper, and the toxicity of diatoms, Limnol. Oceanogr, vol.50, pp.1908-1917, 2005.

Y. Xiao, J. G. Ferreira, S. B. Bricker, J. P. Nunes, M. Zhu et al., Trophic assessment in Chinese coastal systems-review of methods and application to the Changjiang (Yangtze) estuary and Jiaozhou Bay, Estuar. Coasts, vol.30, pp.901-918, 2007.

P. Jayet, I. Chiadmi, and M. Ollier, Approches prospectives de la réponse du système agricole au changement climatique et au prix de l'eau d'irrigation via le couplage Aropaj-STICS, dans Flux dans le continuum Homme-Terre-Mer, Rapports de synthèse de la phase VII du PIREN-Seine, vol.2, 2019.

, Modélisation agro-économique et élaboration des fonctions dose-réponse

, Effets d'une taxe sur les engrais minéraux azotés sur leur consommation, sur l'usage des sols et sur les émissions de gaz à effet de serre

, Impact du changement climatique sur la demande d'eau d'irrigation

. .. Conclusion,

. .. Bibliographie,

. Conley, En effet, les nitrates (NO3-) polluent les nappes et les cours d'eau et sont à l'origine de problèmes d'eutrophisation du sol, L'utilisation des engrais azotée est certes essentielle pour certaines cultures, mais les externalités environnementales qui en découlent ne sont pas moins importantes, 2007.

, Ce dernier résultat fait l'objet d'un article qui est actuellement en cours de révision

N. Brisson, C. Gary, E. Justes, R. Roche, B. Mary et al., An overview of the crop model stics, European Journal of Agronomy, vol.18, issue.3-4, pp.309-332, 2003.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01190851

C. Godard, J. Roger-estrade, P. A. Jayet, N. Brisson, L. Bas et al., Use of available information at a European level to construct crop nitrogen response curves for the regions of the EU, Agricultural Systems, vol.97, issue.1-2, pp.68-82, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01172906

P. Humblot, P. Jayet, and P. A. , Farm-level bio-economic modeling of water and nitrogen use: Calibrating yield response functions with limited data, Agricultural Systems, vol.151, pp.47-60, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01530791

D. J. Conley, H. W. Paerl, R. W. Howarth, D. F. Boesch, S. P. Seitzinger et al., Controlling Eutrophication: Nitrogen and Phosphorus, vol.323, pp.1014-1015, 2009.

D. Barberis, P. Jayet, P. Humblot, and A. Lungarska, Estimation et spatialisation de la demande en eau agricole en France : intégration du facteur eau à un modèle bioéconomique. Spatial Analysis and GEOmatics, INSA de rouen, 2017.