, The indicators 40 can be broken down into single-unit indices (such as ecological footprint, wellbeing 41 index, emergy) and indicator-based indices. By contrast with single-unit indices, 42 which score the combined performances of a city, 2001.
, So the term 50 eco-city may encompass a broad range of factors: carbon-neutral and renewable 51 energy supply; a dense urban fabric supported by a public transport system; resource 52 conservation; water and waste reduction and reuse; green buildings; urban renewal; 53 local urban agriculture; decent and affordable housing for all socio-economic and 54 ethnic groups, China has been characterised in recent decades by growing enthusiasm for the 45 development of large-scale eco-cities, 2015.
, Built close to the centre of Tianjin Binhai New Area and the 57 second government-to-government urban project between China
, Tianjin Eco-City has been designed to leverage Singaporean expertise in "practical, 59 "replicable" and "scalable" city planning and management, 2013.
,
, Presented as one of the 65 standout features of Tianjin Eco-City and "the first indicators system bespoke to 66 Chinese eco-cities", the KPI system has been extensively discussed in scientific 67 publications and media communication. However, in-depth studies, among which we 68 can cite the report by Caprotti et al. (2015), have focused on the lack of social balance 69 in this primarily upper-middle-class new town project. There has been little attention 70 on the expected environmental performance of Tianjin Eco-City, which seems have 71 been taken for granted, 2014.
, Echoing the enthusiasm for eco-city development in China, there has been intense 75 discussion of sustainable city indicators by both government institutions and urban 76 specialists around the world. Reflecting today's mainstream concern with the 77 promotion of social equity and economic viability, criticisms of the indicator systems 78 have unsurprisingly concentrated on the imbalance between the environmental and 79 socio-economic aspects (Greed, 2012.
, Figure 4 Absolute frequency (left) and relative frequency (right) of countries studied for 375 indicator 2-Quality of surface water in the Eco-city
, Figure 5 Absolute frequency (left) and relative frequency (right) of countries studied for 377 indicator 5-Carbon emission per unit GDP
, On this understanding, a comparison was made 396 between the Chinese national standards and the standards from several developed 397 countries in the present study. The current national air quality standard in China, it is understandable that city managers apply the sectorial standards that 395 have been developed at national level, vol.398, pp.3095-2012
, For all the criteria pollutants encompassed by these 402 standards, except NO2, GB3095-2012 is more tolerant than the American and 403 European standards. Especially for PM10 coarse particles, the threshold for 24-hour 404 mean concentration defined in the Chinese standard is 150 µg/m3 for residential 405 zones, which is 3 times that of the European and WHO standards, at 50 µg/m3. It can 406 be argued then, achieving the ambient air quality target as defined by this indicator, 407 should it happen sometime in the future, vol.401, 2005.
, It is a revised version of the 1983 standard GB3838-83. During 411 the revision, the criterion values were updated, essentially by referencing to the 412 standards of developed countries, including the US, the EU and Japan, given that 413 "there were no lake nutrient criteria related studies during the revision period for 414 GB3838-2002, The current Chinese national quality standard for surface water, pp.3838-2002, 2002.
, The same authors point out however the lack of contextualisation in the 418 implementation of the standard, stating that GB3838-2002 is "generally applied (in 419 all the lakes) in China without considering the differences in different 420 regions?various climates, elevation, 2017.
, industry-dominant economy, demographic challenge, need of urbanisation...) while 423 making progress in environmental protection. This to some extent explains the lower 424 air pollutant threshold set in the national standard GB3095-2012. Bearing this in 425 mind, the immediate challenge for Chinese environmental protection may not be how 426 to match the standards of developed nations at all costs, but how to develop tailor427 made indicators that take local specificities into account. 436 (4) and the two indicators on water consumption, It has to be recognized that China needs to consider its economic and social realities, vol.422
, Their 440 main advantage is their concreteness and problem specificity-it is easy to interpret 441 the meaning of the indicator and which problem it targets. Because of this 442 concreteness however, these indicators have relatively limited reach and are little use 443 on their own for assessing holistic performance. For instance, while ratios of 444 renewable energy or green trips can be used to measure the level of deployment of 445 renewable energy and low-emission transport facilities in a city, they cannot measure 446 the city's overall sustainability performance in the energy and transport sectors. Not 447 to mention the technical difficulties of accurately calculating the "ratios, These indicators are clearly defined, measurable, widely known and used across the 439 world for the purposes of sustainability assessment and inter-city comparison
, indicators 461 specify in concrete terms what urban sustainability means to a given community by 462 defining the elements and benchmark targets". Taking the built sector for example, 463 whilst the leading certification schemes, namely LEED, BREEAM, CASBEE, and 464 France's HQE, have been widely recognised around the world, their use at local scale 465 is far from systematic. This is undoubtedly attributable to the overwhelming 466 enthusiasm of politicians for economic growth, The conciliation between global and local is another critical question raised by the 456 analysis. On the one hand, there are growing calls for the standardisation of 457 sustainability assessment methods and indicators and intensive research efforts made 458 in that direction (Ecocity Builders, 2010.
, This group concerns one indicator, carbon emission per unit GDP. The indicator is 475 conventionally used to assess a city's energy performance, together with another form 476 of normalisation for carbon emissions, namely per capita. Despite their widespread 477 use, there is intense debate among scientists over their scientific rationale
, B.2Indic 2 Quality of surface water in the eco-city
, Nevertheless, of the 119 681 papers retained, no one investigates urban water quality from a planning perspective. 682 The studies focus mostly on surface water sampling and chemical analysis of the 683 water quality. This finding has two implications. The first is the cross-boundary 684 nature of the water quality deterioration, of which contributors go beyond urban 685 activities. For example, intensive use of pesticides in rural areas is a main contributor 686 to water body deterioration. Second, the quality of watercourses should be managed 687 by basin and not by administrative jurisdictions, The first finding for this indicator is that Chinese studies, i.e. both the authors and 680 case study are Chinese, represent a majority of the corpus, 2008.
, Clearly 690 then, surface water quality goes beyond the scope of city planners and managers
, Therefore, the stringency of the guideline values 697 set in the Chinese standard is similar to, and sometimes even more stringent than that 698 from other countries. However, there seems a lack of consideration of local conditions 699 when the guideline values were chosen, vol.692, pp.693-3838, 1983.
, , 2015.
, B.3Indic 5 Carbon emission per unit GDP
, GHG) emissions is a concern that crosses the boundary 708 between urban and rural. The examination of the articles' abstracts reveals that the country or city remain unsolved. These include: Should indirect emissions from 714 local production and consumption be left out of total GHG emissions? Should GHG 715 from infrastructures and local community consumption be included? How do you 716 account for emissions associated with import and export? Despite of the efforts made 717 by many researchers on questions, Only 69 out of 505 search-generated articles (step 1 and 2) are urban studies, which 707 indicates that greenhouse gas, 2014.
, for instance, the two Chinese cities studied, Beijing 724 and Chongqing, were found to be 20 times more carbon intensive than international 725 cities as calculated by the GDP-based indicator, while they manifested similar scales 726 of carbon emissions according to the capita-based indicator. The authors argued 727 furthermore that indicators of CO2 emissions per unit of GDP or per capita were too 728 aggregated and could not fully explain end-use energy consumption and emissions in 729 a given city. They developed therefore a composite end-use low-carbon indicator that 730 took into account, for a given city or country, both the normalised per-sector energy 731 consumption and the percentage contributions of the end-use sectors, GHG intensity build generally on a normalisation by GDP-this is the 721 case for Tianjin Eco-City-or per capita, 2013.
, Between them lies a hidden variable-carbon 736 intensity in energy supply-which expresses the amount of carbon emitted per unit of 737 energy and depends on the energy fuel mix (Ramaswami and Chavez, 2013), Last but not least, energy consumption and GHG emissions should be distinguished 735 even though they are closely connected
, , vol.7
, The quantity and diversity of green building rating systems around the world is 743 increasing. The current frontrunners include LEED (USA), BREEAM
, ESGB promulgated by the Ministry of Construction, and EIASGG 746 by the Ministry of Environment. Their on-ground implementation is, however, not for 747 granted. A convincing example is Tianjin Eco-City, which has established its own 748 green building standard. in order that "local climatic and cultural specificities are 749 taken into consideration during the buildings' performance assessment, China, two standards co745 exist, which are, vol.750, 2018.
, In broad terms, the proportion of green buildings is an indicator frequently used to 754 appraise sustainability. Paradoxically, however, it is not easy to find rankings of cities 755 or countries based on the proportion of green buildings
, approximately 5% of buildings in the United States were 757 LEED certified green buildings as of, 2011.
, As 761 certification schemes for green buildings have become increasingly popular, it seems 762 crucial today to clarify how these international and local schemes differ from one 763 another. All of them undoubtedly cover factors such as energy efficiency, reduced 764 carbon emissions, rainwater recycling and reuse, etc. What is interesting to know is 765 how the indicators for the same factor are differently defined in different certification 766 systems. More importantly, constructing green buildings should not be a goal in itself, 767 but a way of achieving tangible sustainability outcomes. The undue enthusiasm for 768 green building labelling and for the construction of new buildings to be labelled can 769 blind us to the importance of renovating existing buildings. As Onat et al. (2014) 770 remarked, 'focusing on the construction rate of net zero or high performance green 771 buildings alone did not help with stabilising or reducing GHG emissions unless the 772 retrofitting of existing residential building stock was seriously considered as a strict 773 policy along with green building policies, Buildings have been recognised as major consumers of energy and emitters of 759 greenhouse gas, so it is understandable that the quantity of green buildings in a city 760 represents to a certain level its performance as regard to sustainability
, Our review shows that per capita consumption is the indicator 780 commonly used to measure domestic water demand and to plan water supply, 2004.
, While it is obvious that reuse policies 784 can save large quantities of water from potable sources (Gonzalez et al. 2011), public 785 perception has proved to be a big challenge to the implementation of such policies. It 786 has been found that the public tends to be more supportive of low-contact reuse, less 787 so for higher-contact reuse (Friedler and Lahav, Water demand is expected to increase in coming years as a result of climate change, 782 especially in arid and semi-arid regions, vol.791, 2006.
, With regard to technological possibilities contributing to better management of urban 794 water demand, automated water meters are proved to be efficient appliances because 795 of their monitoring capacity. The installation of such equipment can lead to an 796 immediate reduction in water use, Harutyunyan, 2012.
, While there are growing international calls for water conservation, current pricing 798 policies for this fundamental and inelastic need are seemingly inconsistent with the 799 international consensus, 2008.
, Harutyunyan (2012) found that water consumption would 802 rebound after a short, though sharp decline following the installation of water meters, 803 if water prices were not adjusted at the same time. Similar finding have been reported 804 by, 2013.
, There seems to be a need for technological improvement in household appliances in 806 order to avoid waste. In the UK, 10% of daily per capita household water 807 consumption is caused by waiting for tap water to become hot (Nawaz and Waya, vol.808, 2014.
, B.6Indic 11 Per capita domestic waste generation
, Per capita per day is a conventionally used norm for measuring the rate of urban 812 waste generation, alongside its two alternatives, per week or per year. The lack of 813 international standards and methodologies for characterising urban solid waste is 814 recognised to be problematic: the content of reported waste may vary from one city to 815 another, making intra-city comparisons difficult, 2006.
, Ogwueleka (2013) found positive correlation 824 between household income and per capita waste generation, whereas Phuntsho et al. 825 (2010) reported an absence of 'conclusive result' between the two, Gomez et al, vol.823, 2008.
, B.7Indic 12 Proportion of green trips
, Baggen and Aben 835 (2006) suggest using time, price and comfort as criterion to compare the performance 836 of urban transport solutions. Jiang et al. (2013) developed a system of 26 indicators to 837 measure transport sustainability in Chinese cities. Among the indicators, 2000.
, Assessing the performance of a city's transport system is an 843 extremely complex task, bound up with issues such as renewable energy use, GHG 844 emissions, and socio-economic reliability. As Kasperska (2015) says, "How to 845 minimise the costs generated by the development of innovative transport 846 infrastructures and offset them by environmental and social gains is still a challenge, transport options and favouring 841 walkability is the primary policy for city sustainability, 2014.
, trip proportion alone suffices hardly to make transport 848 sustainable, not to mention the difficulties in appropriately computing the so-called 849 "green trip proportion, Similar with 850 renewable energy development, sustainable transport is intertwined with a large board 851 of questions of the urban system and requires holistic approaches to tackle with, 2002.
, Integrated analytical and decision-making support tools are thus needed for the make 853 of sound urban transport policies, 2012.
, B.8Indic 13 Overall recycling rate
, ) proposed a Maximum Practicable Recycling Rate 861 Provision indicator for measuring the percentage of local waste that could be recycled 862 by the existing municipal services. The European waste management programme 863 ACR+ (De Clercq and Hannequart, 2010) makes recommendations on setting 864 common indicators for European countries, Recycling rate is a widely used indicator for assessing waste management in cities, 856 aside indicators of waste generation and collection, 2008.
, In these 872 countries, the focus of research has shifted from technical issues relating to public 873 services to the socio-economic factors of neighbourhood scale recycling rate. For 874 instance, Clarke and Maantay (2006) developed a Recycling Education, Awareness, 875 and Participation index for measuring the socio-economic variables of recycling rates 876 in urban districts. In developing countries where municipal waste collection and 877 recycling are largely carried out by the informal recycling sector (individual waste878 pickers), it is crucial to incorporate this sector into the waste management network in 879 order to create synergies around sustainable waste management targets. This 880 integration is believed by many scholars to offer an opportunity for win-win solutions 881, management has almost been accomplished, though challenges remain in terms of 871 disparities between areas, vol.870, 2006.
, B.9Indic 15 Treatment to render solid waste non-hazardous
, This includes: 1) treatment of dangerous and toxic waste generated by 886 medical, industrial and construction activities; and 2) treatment of domestic through 887 recycling, re-use, biological methods, incineration and landfill. In the book, the 888 authors provide a further explanation relating to point 2): 889 "the first form (recycling and re-use) is considered by default as non890 hazardous treatment, the second (biological) and third (incineration) 891 forms need to meet requirement by relevant standards, 2010.
, this indicator is not restricted to hazardous solid waste as sensibly seems 894 to be, but to all solid waste. It can therefore be reformulated more generically, for 895 example as safe treatment and recycling of solid waste
, Among the papers 899 retained, we can cite Farzadkia et al. (2009) who points out the absence of appropriate 900 separation of hazardous waste from non-hazardous waste in some cities, and the paper 901 on the European Council Directive that suggests an impermeable mineral layer for 902 sealing non-hazardous landfills (Simon and Müller, vol.2, 2004.
, that of hazardous waste from the healthcare, construction and 915 industrial sectors may remain the responsibility of the producers, which could be a 916 matter of concern with regard to more comprehensive urban waste management. 917 B.10 Indic 19 Renewable energy ratio 918 Renewable energy (RE) ratio is widely used for the assessment of energy 919 performance, especially in the green building and electric vehicle sectors (Begum et 920 al, A further examination of the larger corpus before filtering on the urban criterion 909 reveals that many studies on hazardous and non-hazardous waste originating from 910 construction and industrial were rejected because they did not include any terms from 911 the list of urban terms, 2010.
, Other indicators for 922 measuring the development and outcome of RE include "investment in renewable 923 energy, 2003.
, show the importance of taking into account the extra conventional 926 energy consumed in the use of renewables in order to obtain more realistic RE 927 outcomes. Otherwise the contribution of RE systems may be exaggerated, 2008.
, Some explanatory clues can be found in the 933 analysis by Wall et al. (2012), in which the authors identified three architectural 934 barriers to the greater integration of solar technologies into buildings, namely: 1) 935 limited diversity/range of designs for integration into buildings, stemming from 936 insufficient architectural knowledge among manufacturers, 2) lack of knowledge of 937 technology and innovative products among architects, 3) lack of tools to quantify, 938 illustrate and communicate the outcome of including solar energy at the early design 939 phase. We can assume by analogy that the lack of sufficient shared knowledge 940 between planners and RE professions impedes the development of appropriate 941 support tools for holistic RE planning and assessment. Comprehensive planning that 942 includes a variety of city scale RE solutions seems yet to come, A majority of studies in our corpus assess the potential contribution of renewable 930 energy to total energy or total electricity demand by considering the availability of RE 931 facilities or the remaining space for the installation of further facilities, vol.943, 2013.
, The RE ratio is certainly a criterion that makes sense in promoting RE development, 947 since it enables comparisons between cities and countries. Nevertheless, introducing 948 RE facilities should be seen less as an ultimate goal than a way of tackling energy 949 demand and GHG emission challenges. It is essential to develop holistic approaches 950 that consider other criteria alongside RE ratio. In particular, the economic reliability 951 of any RE planning should not be neglected. Unfortunately, there seems a paucity of 952 literature addressing the economic viability of RE solutions, though we can cite the 953 study of Bassiouny, 2011.
, Indic 20 Water supply from non-traditional sources
, Research topics from our corpus include 961 the potential of the aforementioned two sources, their drivers, and the barriers to their 962 large-scale implementation. Wung et al. (2006) estimated that 35% of the water 963 supply to Taipei's schools could be provided by rainwater harvesting. Garcia et al. 964 (2015) examined the sociological drivers of rainwater harvesting for garden irrigation in 965 a Spanish region, and found that household income, estimated water requirement and 966 education level were direct drivers, and interest in gardening and attitudes to water 967 conservation were indirect drivers, As might be expected, increasing the proportion of water supply from non-traditional 957 sources, i.e. from outside the municipal supply network
, A survey taken by Yamagata et al. (2003) showed 972 that 61% of non-potable water demand in 23 wards of the metropolitan region of Tokyo 973 was met by reclaimed water, 60% of the total waste 971 water generated, 2012.
, The advantages of scale have been found in the construction cost of on-site water 975 recycling systems. In the case of Tokyo, a capacity of 100m 3 /d was found to be the 976 threshold for greater economic viability
, increasing the size of rainwater cisterns was found to increase payback (Sweeney 978 and Pate, 2015.
, The performance of parcel rainwater harvesting systems greatly depends on climatic 980 conditions, as demonstrated by research carried in a number of regions and cities 981, 2013.
, The risks to human health of using reclaimed water are found to be relatively low, 983 provided that rigorous and appropriate treatment processes are implemented for the 984 target usage, 2010.
, the quality and 987 aesthetics of reclaimed water (Biswas et al. 2012), further progress in regulations and 988 incentive strategies also seems to be a key contributor to the use of alternative water 989 sources. A change in public attitudes from acceptance of low-contact reuse only 990 (Friedler and Lahav, 2006) to acceptance of higher-contact reuse, 2003.
, It is easy to 994 understand that reuse could lead to excessive consumption because of the lower price 995 of reused water compared with tap water, which in turn would have an adverse impact 996 on sewage (more wastewater to be drained). From this perspective, continuing 997 encouragement is needed both for the use of different water and of less water, Last but not least, the request for alternative water sources should not be a substitute 993 of water-conservation measures and encouragement of behavioral change
, Relationship between urbanization, 1001 direct and indirect greenhouse gas emissions, and expenditures: A multivariate 1002 analysis, Ecol. Econ, vol.104, pp.129-139, 2014.
,
, Inconsistencies in air quality metrics: 'Blue Sky' days and PM 10 1005 concentrations in Beijing, Environ. Res. Lett, vol.3, 2008.
, Waste Management 1008 Practices Used in the Attempt to Protect the Environment, Proceedings of 1009 the 3rd WSEAS International Conference on Engineering Mechanics, p.1010, 2010.
, EMESEG'10. World Scientific and 1011 Engineering Academy and Society (WSEAS), pp.378-382
, Automated transport in urban areas: opportunities 1014 in the Netherlands, pp.453-462, 2006.
,
, Affluent effluent: growing 1017 vegetables with wastewater in Melbourne, Australia-a wealthy but bone-dry 1018 city, Irrig. Drain. Syst, vol.24, pp.79-94, 2010.
, Reliability cost/worth evaluation 1020 of bulk power system at Zafarana site in Egypt, 2011 IEEE PES 1021 Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies-Middle East (ISGT 1022 Middle East), pp.1-7, 2011.
, Use of Oil Palm Waste as a 1024 Renewable Energy Source and Its Impact on Reduction of Air Pollution in 1025 Context of Malaysia, IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci, vol.16, 1026.
, Benchmarking Sustainable Construction Technology, Adv, p.1028, 2011.
DOI : 10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.2913
, , pp.2913-2920
,
, Applicability of domestic grey water reuse for alleviation of water crisis 1032 in Dhaka City, J. Water Reuse Desalination, vol.2, pp.239-246, 1033.
, Sustainability Indicators in Assessing Urban Transport 1035 Systems, Period. Polytech. Transp. Eng, vol.43, pp.138-145, 1036.
, New paradigms in 1038 urban water management for conservation and sustainability, 2016.
, , vol.11, pp.176-186
, Eco' For Whom? Envisioning Eco1041 urbanism in the Sino, Int. J. Urban Reg, 2015.
, , vol.39, pp.495-517
, Dynamic power distribution 1044 method of PV-based battery switch stations considering battery reservation, ResearchGate, vol.29, pp.306-315, 1045.
, Optimizing recycling in all of New York City's 1047 neighborhoods: Using GIS to develop the REAP index for improved recycling 1048 education, awareness, and participation, Resour. Conserv. Recycl, vol.46, pp.128-1049, 2006.
, 1051 Measuring countries' environmental sustainability performance-The 1052 development of a nation-specific indicator set, Ecol. Indic, vol.74, pp.463-478, 2017.
,
, Leveraging Big Data for the Development of 1055 Transport Sustainability Indicators, J. Urban Technol, vol.22, pp.45-64, 2015.
,
, The igraph software package for complex network 1058 research, InterJournal Complex Syst, vol.1695, pp.1-9, 2006.
, Vers un observatoire européen décentralisé 1060 des performances de gestion des déchets municipaux, Tech. Sci. Méthodes, vol.1061, pp.67-75, 2010.
, Sustainable-smart1063 resilient-low carbon-eco-knowledge cities; Making sense of a multitude of 1064 concepts promoting sustainable urbanization, J. Clean. Prod, vol.109, pp.25-38, 2015.
,
, Developing robust 1067 organizational frameworks for Sino-foreign eco, 2013.
, Shenzhen Low Carbon City with other initiatives, J. Clean. Prod, vol.57, pp.209-220, 1069.
, How green is the city?: 1071 sustainability assessment and the management of urban environments, 2001.
, Spatial 1074 heterogeneity of lake eutrophication caused by physiogeographic conditions: 1075 An analysis of 143 lakes in China, J. Environ. Sci, vol.30, pp.140-147, 2015.
,
, Indices, graphs and null 1078 models: analyzing bipartite ecological networks, 2009.
, International Ecocity Framwework and Standards, 2015.
, , p.1081
, Municipal solid waste composition: Sampling 1082 methodology, statistical analyses, and case study evaluation, Waste Manag. 1083, vol.36, pp.12-23, 2015.
, on ambient air quality and cleaner air for, Europe. Off. J. Eur. 1086 Communities, vol.21, pp.1-43, 1085.
, Urban Europe: Statistics on Cities, European Comission, 2016.
, Energy, transport and environment indicators. 2016 edition, statistical 1092 books, 2016.
, Hospital waste 1094 management status in Iran: a case study in the teaching hospitals of Iran 1095 University of Medical Sciences, Waste Manag. Res. J. Int. Solid Wastes 1096 Public Clean. Assoc. ISWA, vol.27, pp.384-389, 2009.
,
, Measuring sustainability: Why the ecological footprint is bad 1099 economics and bad environmental science, Ecol. Econ, vol.67, pp.519-525, 2008.
,
, An 1102 experimental test of voluntary strategies to promote urban water demand 1103 management, J. Environ. Manage, vol.114, pp.343-351, 2013.
,
, Centralised urban wastewater reuse: what is the public 1106 attitude?, Water Sci. Technol, vol.54, 2006.
, Watering the garden: preferences 1108 for alternative sources in suburban areas of the Mediterranean coast. Local 1109 Environ, vol.20, pp.548-564, 2015.
, The conversion of energy efficiency requirements for buildings in 1111 poland, 2010.
, Characterization of urban 1113 solid waste in Chihuahua, Waste Manag, vol.28, pp.2465-2471, 2008.
,
, 1116 Rethinking the green roof. A proposal of grey water phytodepuration system, Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Passive and Low 1118 Energy Architecture, 1117.
, Assessing the variables affecting on the rate of solid waste 1120 generation and recycling: An empirical analysis in Prespa Park, Waste Manag. 1121, vol.48, pp.3-13, 2016.
, Planning for sustainable transport or for people's needs, Proc. Inst. 1123, 2012.
, Plan, vol.165, pp.219-229
,
, Evaluation of sustainable policy 1126 in urban transportation using system dynamics and world cities data: A case 1127 study in Isfahan, Cities, vol.45, pp.104-115, 2015.
,
, Ditan shengtai chengshi guocheng chuangxin yu pingjia yanjiu-yi 1130 tianjinshi weili, 2012.
, Development of a new 1132 quality fair access best value performance indicator (BVPI) for recycling 1133 services, Waste Manag, vol.28, pp.299-309, 2008.
,
, The Move to Universal Water Metering and Volumetric 1136 Pricing in Armenia, ICSDEC 2012, pp.975-984, 1137.
, Spatial and temporal variability of 1139 PM2.5 and PM10 over the North China Plain and the Yangtze River Delta, 1140 China, Atmos. Environ, vol.95, pp.598-609, 2014.
,
, Characterizing multi-pollutant air 1143 pollution in China: Comparison of three air quality indices, Environ. Int, vol.84, pp.1144-1161, 2015.
, Transformation toward an 1146 eco-city: lessons from three Asian cities, J. Clean. Prod, 1147.
, Urban solid waste management in 1149 Chongqing: Challenges and opportunities, Waste Manag, vol.26, pp.1052-1062, 2006.
,
, International Ecocity Framwework and Standards, 2015.
, Solar Assisted Ground Source Heat Pump 1153 Performance in Nearly Zero Energy Building in Baltic Countries, Tech. Univ. Environ. Clim. Technol, vol.11, 1154.
, Sustainable transport 1157 data collection and application: China Urban Transport Database, 2013.
, , 2013.
, Simulation and prediction analysis 1160 of urban household water demand based on multi-agent, J. Hydraul. Eng, vol.1161, pp.1387-1397, 2015.
, Field application of 1163 waterworks automated meter reading systems and analysis of household water 1164 consumption, Desalination Water Treat, vol.54, pp.1401-1409, 2015.
,
, , p.1167
, Tomorrow's City Today: Prospects for Standardising 1168 Sustainable Urban Development, 2015.
, Towards the 'ubiquitous eco-city': An 1170 analysis of the internationalisation of eco-city policy and practice, 2013.
, , vol.6, pp.54-74
, Eco-city indicators: governance challenges, pp.109-120, 1173.
, How do we manage consumption wastes from a skinks point of view? 1175 Espoo, 2013.
, Projekt CIVITAS RENAISSANCE w Szczecinku w kontek?cie 1177 za?o?e? zrównowa?onego, Rocz. Ochr. ?r. Tom, vol.17, 2015.
, Towards an effective framework for 1179 building smart cities: Lessons from Seoul and San Francisco, Soc. Change, vol.89, pp.80-99, 2014.
,
, Can a Sustainable Urban Development 1183 Model be Exported ? China Perspect. 1-2, pp.87-97, 2018.
, Air 1185 quality and human health in urban settlement: Case study of Kuala Lumpur 1186 city, 2010 International Conference on Science and Social Research 1187 (CSSR), pp.510-515, 2010.
, Municipal solid waste recycling and the significance 1189 of informal sector in urban China, Waste Manag. Res. J. Int. Solid Wastes 1190 Public Clean. Assoc. ISWA, vol.32, pp.896-907, 2014.
,
, Innovative approach 1193 for the development of a water quality identification index-a case study from 1194 the Wen-Rui Tang River watershed, China. Desalination Water Treat, vol.55, pp.1195-1400, 2015.
, Domestic water uses: 1197 Characterization of daily cycles in the north region of Portugal. Sci. Total 1198 Environ. 458-460, pp.444-450, 2013.
, A contribution to the structural model of autonomous sustainable 1200 neighbourhoods: new socio-economical basis for sustainable urban planning, 2016.
, J. Clean. Prod, vol.120, pp.21-30
, Economics of green buildings, Proceedings. pp, pp.1203-2877, 2011.
, How to understand and measure 1205 environmental sustainability: Indicators and targets, Ecol. Indic, vol.17, pp.4-13, 1206.
, A Renewable Source Aware Model for the Charging 1208 of Plug, Electrical Vehicles: SCITEPRESS-Science and and Technology 1209 Publications, pp.51-58, 2015.
, An energy-efficient smart home for new cities in Egypt, pp.115-1212, 2014.
, Estimating the amount of cold water wastage in UK 1214 households, Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng.-Water Manag, vol.167, pp.457-466, 2014.
,
, China's Green Building Future | China Business Review, China 1217 buisness review, 2012.
, Water law of the People's Republic of China, 2002.
, Survey of household waste composition and quantities in 1220, 2013.
, Conserv. Recycl, vol.77, pp.52-60
,
, Towards greening the U.S. residential 1223 building stock: A system dynamics approach, Build. Environ, vol.78, pp.68-80, 2014.
,
, Characterizing and measuring sustainable 1226 development, Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour, vol.28, pp.559-586, 2003.
,
, Indicators Into Action: Local sustainability indicator sets 1229 in their context. Final Report. Deliverable 19, 2002.
, Studying municipal solid waste generation and composition in the 1232 urban areas of Bhutan, Waste Manag. Res. J. Int, 1231.
, Assoc. ISWA, vol.28, pp.545-551
, Collaborative Planning for Clean Energy Initiatives in 1235 Small to Mid-Sized Cities, J. Am. Plann. Assoc, vol.79, pp.280-294, 2013.
,
, Moving towards the sustainable city: the role 1238 of electric vehicles, renewable energy and energy efficiency, pp.871-883, 1239.
, Improving infrastructure sustainability in suburban 1241 and urban areas: is porous asphalt the right answer? and how?, pp.673-684, 1242.
, 1244 Development of a low-carbon indicator system for China, Habitat Int, vol.37, pp.4-1245, 2013.
, Survey of composition and 1247 generation rate of household wastes in Beijing, China, Waste Manag, vol.29, pp.1248-2618, 2009.
, A Language and Environment for Statistical 1250 Computing. the R foundation for Statistical Computing, 2011.
, Sustainability of rainwater harvesting 1252 systems in multistorey residential buildings, Am. Jounral Eng. Appl. Sci, vol.3, pp.73-82, 1253.
, What metrics best reflect the energy and carbon 1255 intensity of cities? Insights from theory and modeling of 20 US cities, 2013.
, Environ. Res. Lett, vol.8, p.35011
, Gas 1258 chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometry method for monitoring 1259 multiclass organic pollutants in Spanish sewage treatment plants effluents, 2013.
, Talanta, vol.111, pp.196-205
, Report: policy drivers and the planning and implementation of 1262 integrated waste management in Ireland using the regional approach, 2007.
, Manag. Res. J. Int. Solid Wastes Public Clean. Assoc. ISWA, vol.25, pp.270-275
, Limits of pricing policy in 1265 curtailing household water consumption under scarcity conditions, Policy, vol.10, pp.295-304, 1266.
, Sustainable Urban transport in the 21st century: a new agenda, 1268.
, Transp. Res. Rec. J. Transp. Res. Board, pp.12-19
, Observational study of surface ozone at 1270 an urban site in East China, Atmospheric Res, vol.89, pp.252-261, 2008.
,
, The application of urban 1273 sustainability indicators-A comparison between various practices. Habitat 1274 Int, vol.35, pp.17-29, 2011.
, Chinese eco-cities: A perspective of land-speculation-oriented 1276 local entrepreneurialism. China Inf, vol.27, pp.173-196, 2013.
,
, Waste management and 1279 recycling in the former Soviet Union: the City of Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic 1280 (Kyrgyzstan), Waste Manag. Res. J. Int. Solid Wastes Public Clean. Assoc. 1281 ISWA, vol.31, pp.106-125, 2013.
, Standard and alternative landfill capping design in 1283, 2004.
, Germany. Environ. Sci. Policy, vol.7, pp.277-290
,
, Health status of 1286 residents of an urban dual reticulation system, Int. J. Epidemiol, vol.39, pp.1667-1287, 2010.
, Indicators of sustainability for the energy sector: a South 1289 African case study, Energy Sustain. Dev, vol.7, pp.35-49, 2003.
, , p.1291, 2013.
, Stormwater Management Benefits of Residential Rainwater Harvesting in 1292 U, S. Cities. JAWRA J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc, vol.49, pp.810-824, 1293.
, Developing 1295 surface water quality standards in China, Resour. Conserv. Recycl, vol.117, pp.294-1296, 2017.
, Household solid waste 1298 characteristics and management in Chittagong, Waste Manag, vol.28, pp.1299-1688, 2008.
, Eco 2 Cities1301 Ecological Cities as Economic Cities, 2010.
, Life Cycle Costs and Field Performance Studies of a 1303 Domestic Rainwater Harvesting Application in a Humid, Sub-Tropical, 1304 Metropolitan Environment, World Environmental and Water Resources 1305 Congress, pp.334-343, 2015.
, 1307 Control of PM2.5 in Guangzhou during the 16th Asian Games period: 1308 Implication for hazy weather prevention, Sci. Total Environ, vol.508, pp.57-66, 1309.
, Daohang shengtai chengshi-Zhongxin shengtaicheng zhibiao 1311 tixi shishi moshi (Navigating Eco-city-Implementation of the KPI system of 1312 the Sino, China construction industrial press, 2010.
, Networks of recyclable material waste1314 picker's cooperatives: An alternative for the solid waste management in the 1315 city of Rio de Janeiro, Waste Manag, vol.33, pp.1004-1012, 2013.
,
, The use of residential water consumption as an urban 1318 planning tool: a pilot study in Adelaide, J. Environ. Plan. Manag, vol.47, pp.97-114, 1319.
, Indicators of sustainable development: guidelines and 1321 methodologies, 2007.
, 1323 Development of analysis tools for social, economic and ecological effects of 1324 water reuse, Desalination, vol.218, pp.81-91, 2008.
,
, National green building assessment tool in India, Central Europe 1327 towards Sustainable Building "From Theory to Practice, 2010.
, Sustainable transportation: the Key to sustainable cities, The Sustainable 1330 City: Urban Regeneration and Sustainability, International Series on Advances 1331 in Architecture, pp.281-289, 2000.
, , p.1333
, Achieving Solar Energy in Architecture-IEA SHC Task 41, 2012.
, Energy Procedia, vol.30, pp.1250-1260
, An 1336 independent water system with maximized wastewater reuse for non-potable 1337 purposes-Model case for future urban development, Water Pract. Technol, vol.6, 2011.
, Our common future, World Commission for Environment and 1340 Developmen, 1987.
, Tianjin, Eco-City, China. A bilateral institutional NEXUS for 1342 cutting-edge sustainable metropolitan development, 2014.
, New Urbanism and Smart Growth: Toward achieving a 1344 smart National Taipei University District, Habitat Int, vol.42, pp.164-174, 1345.
, WHO Air quality guidelines for particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen 1347 dioxide and sulfur dioxide-Global update, WHO, 2005.
, World Health Organ. Publ
, stringr: Simple, Consistent Wrappers for Common String 1350 Operations, 2017.
, ggplot2: elegant graphics for data analysis, 2016.
, , p.1354
, Wasteaware' 1355 benchmark indicators for integrated sustainable waste management in cities, 2015.
, Waste Manag, vol.35, pp.329-342
, 1358 Comparative analysis of solid waste management in 20 cities, Waste Manag, 2012.
, , vol.30, pp.237-254
, Rainwater reuse supply and demand 1361 response in urban elementary school of different districts in Taipei. Resour, Conserv. Recycl, vol.46, pp.149-167, 1362.
,
, Renewable energy utilization evaluation method in 1365 green buildings, Renew. Energy, vol.33, pp.883-886, 2008.
,
, On-site water 1368 recycling systems in Japan, Water Sci. Technol. Water Supply, vol.3, pp.149-154, 2003.
, Urban domestic water consumption response to climate change in 1370 Urumqi city, pp.897-904, 2013.
, Indicators for evaluating sustainable 1372 communities: a review, Acta Ecol. Sin, vol.31, pp.4749-4759, 2011.
, Status and 1374 challenges of water pollution problems in China: learning from the European 1375 experience, Environ. Earth Sci, vol.72, pp.1243-1254, 2014.
,