, ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This research has been carried out under the OPUR research program. The authors gratefully acknowledge the Seine-Normandy Water Agency, Val-de-Marne Departmental Council, Seine-Saint-Denis Departmental Council, Hauts-de-Seine Departmental Council, City of Paris, and the Interdepartmental Association for Sewerage Services in the Paris Metropolitan Area (SIAAP), and the French Ministry of Ecology Sustainable Development and Energy for financial support, The authors additionally acknowledge use of the installations of the Scientific and Technical Centre for Building (CSTB)

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