M. Bolot, B. Legras, and J. Moyer, Modelling and interpreting the isotopic composition of water vapour in convective updrafts, Atmos. Chem. Phys, vol.13, pp.7903-7935, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01098873

S. Bony, C. Risi, and F. Vimeux, Influence of convective processes on the isotopic composition ( 18 O and D) of precipitation and water vapor in the tropics: 1: Radiative-convective equilibrium and Tropical Ocean-Global Atmosphere-Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA-COARE) simulations, J. Geophys. Res, vol.113, p.19305, 2008.

G. Caniaux, J. Redelsperger, and J. Lafore, A numerical study of the stratiform region of a fast-moving squall ine. Part I: General description and water and heat budgets, J. Atmos. Sci, vol.54, pp.2046-2074, 1994.

J. Chalon, G. Jaubert, F. Roux, and J. Lafore, The West African squall line observed on 23 June 1981 during COPT 81: Mesoscale structure and transports, J. Atmos. Sci, vol.45, pp.2744-2763, 1988.

J. Charba, Application of gravity current model to analysis of squall-line gust front, Mon. Weather Rev, vol.102, pp.140-156, 1974.

M. Chong and D. Hauser, A tropical squall line observed during COPT 81 experiment in West Africa. Part II: Water budget, Mon. Weather Rev, vol.117, pp.728-744, 1989.

M. Chong and D. Hauser, A tropical squall line observed during COPT 81 experiment in West Africa. Part III: Heat and moisture budgets, Mon. Weather Rev, vol.118, pp.1696-1706, 1990.

M. Chong, P. Amayenc, G. Scialom, and J. Testud, A tropical squall line observed during COPT81 experiment in West Africa. Part 1: Kinematic structure inferred from dual-doppler radar data, Mon. Weather Rev, vol.115, pp.670-694, 1987.

W. Dansgaard, Stable isotopes in precipitation, Tellus, vol.16, pp.436-468, 1964.

B. Fontaine and S. Louvet, Sudan-Sahel rainfall onset: Definition of an objective index, types of years, and experimental hindcasts, J. Geophys. Res, vol.111, p.20103, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00076670

J. Galewsky, C. Rella, Z. Sharp, K. Samuels, and D. Ward, Surface measurements of upper tropospheric water vapor isotopic composition on the Chajnantor Plateau, Geophys. Res. Lett, vol.38, p.17803, 2011.

S. D. Gedzelman and J. R. Lawrence, The isotopic composition of precipitation from two extratropical cyclones, Mon. Weather Rev, vol.118, pp.495-509, 1990.

D. Hauser, F. Roux, and P. Amayenc, Comparison of two methods for retrieval of thermodynamic and microphysical variables from Doppler radar measurements: Application to the case of a tropical squall line, J. Atmos. Sci, vol.45, pp.1285-1303, 1988.

F. Hourdin, LMDZ5B: The atmospheric component of the IPSL climate model with revisited parameterizations for clouds and convection, Clim. Dyn, vol.40, pp.2193-2222, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01098866

R. A. Houze and . Jr, Mesoscale convective systems, Rev. Geophys, vol.42, p.4003, 2004.

G. J. Huffman, R. Adler, D. T. Bolvin, G. Gu, E. J. Nelkin et al., The TRMM Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA): Quasi-global, multiyear, combined-sensor precipitation estimates at fine scales, J. Hydrometeorol, vol.8, pp.38-55, 2007.

J. E. Janowiak, An investigation of interannual rainfall variability in Africa, J. Clim, vol.1, pp.240-255, 1988.

E. R. Kerstel, R. Van-trigt, N. Dam, J. Reuss, and H. A. Meijer, Simultaneous determination of the 2 laser spectrometry, Anal. Chem, vol.71, pp.5297-5303, 1999.

N. Kurita, Water isotopic variability in response to mesoscale convective system over the tropical ocean, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos, vol.118, pp.376-386, 2013.

J. P. Lafore and M. Moncrieff, A numerical investigation of the organization and interaction of the convective and stratiform regions of tropical squall lines, J. Atmos. Sci, vol.46, pp.521-544, 1989.

J. P. Lafore, J. Redelsperger, and G. Jaubert, Comparison between a three-dimensional simulation and Doppler radar data of a tropical squall line: Transports of mass, momentum, heat, and moisture, J. Atmos. Sci, vol.45, pp.3483-3500, 1988.

J. R. Lawrence, S. D. Gedzelman, D. Dexheimer, H. Cho, G. D. Carrie et al., Stable isotopic composition of water vapor in the tropics, J. Geophys. Res, vol.109, p.6115, 2004.

T. Lebel, The AMMA field campaigns: Accomplishments and lessons learned, J. Atmos. Sci, vol.12, pp.123-128, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/ird-02153231

X. Lee, R. Smith, and J. Williams, Water vapour 18 O/ 16 O isotope ratio in surface air, Tellus, Ser. B, vol.58, pp.293-304, 2006.

B. Liebmann and C. A. Smith, Description of a complete (interpolated) outgoing longwave radiation dataset, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc, vol.77, pp.1275-1277, 1996.

C. Liu and M. Moncrieff, An analytical study of density currents in sheared, stratified fluids including the effects of latent heating, J. Atmos. Sci, vol.53, pp.3302-3312, 1996.

M. Majoube, Fractionnement en oxygene 18 et en deuterium entre l'eau et sa vapeur, J. Chim. Phys. Biol, vol.68, pp.1423-1436, 1971.

V. Mathon, H. Laurent, and T. Lebel, Mesoscale convective system rainfall in the Sahel, vol.41, pp.1081-1092, 2002.

L. Merlivat and J. Jouzel, Global climatic interpretation of the deuterium-oxygen 18 relationship for precipitation, J. Geophys. Res, vol.84, pp.5029-5033, 1979.

M. Moncrieff and C. Liu, Convection initiation by density currents: Role of convergence, shear, and dynamical organization, Mon. Weather Rev, vol.127, pp.2455-2464, 1999.

D. Noone, Pairing measurements of the water vapor isotope ratio with humidity to deduce atmospheric moistening and dehydration in the tropical mid-troposphere, J. Clim, vol.25, pp.4476-4494, 2012.

D. Noone, Properties of air mass mixing and humidity in the subtropics from measurements of the D/H isotope ratio of water vapor at the Mauna Loa Observatory, J. Geophys. Res, vol.116, p.22113, 2011.

J. Redelsperger and J. Lafore, A three-dimensional simulation of a tropical squall line: Convective organization and thermodynamic vertical transport, J. Atmos. Sci, vol.45, pp.1334-1356, 1988.

C. Rio, F. Hourdin, J. Grandpeix, and J. Lafore, Shifting the diurnal cycle of parameterized deep convection over land, Geophys. Res. Lett, vol.36, p.7809, 2009.

C. Risi, S. Bony, F. Vimeux, L. Descroix, I. Boubacar et al., What controls the isotopic composition of the African monsoon precipitation? Insights from event-based precipitation collected during the 2006 AMMA field campaign, Geophys. Res. Lett, vol.35, p.24808, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/ird-02153494

C. Risi, S. Bony, and F. Vimeux, Influence of convective processes on the isotopic composition of precipitation and water vapor in the tropics. Part 2: Physical interpretation of the amount effect, J. Geophys. Res, vol.113, p.19306, 2008.

C. Risi, S. Bony, F. Vimeux, M. Chong, and L. Descroix, Evolution of the water stable isotopic composition of the rain sampled along Sahelian squall lines, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc, vol.136, pp.227-242, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00564025

C. Risi, Process-evaluation of tropospheric humidity simulated by general circulation models using water vapor isotopologues: 1. Comparison between models and observations, J. Geophys. Res, vol.117, p.5303, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01114750

M. Schmidt, K. Maseyk, C. Lett, P. Biron, P. Richard et al., Concentration effects on laser-based 18 O and 2 H measurements and implications for the calibration of vapour measurements with liquid standards, Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom, vol.24, pp.3553-3561, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02389368

M. A. Scholl, J. B. Shanley, J. P. Zegarra, and T. B. Coplen, The stable isotope amount effect: New insights from NEXRAD echo tops, vol.45, p.12407, 2009.

M. K. Stewart, Stable isotope fractionation due to evaporation and isotopic exchange of falling waterdrops: Applications to atmospheric processes and evaporation of lakes, J. Geophys. Res, vol.80, pp.1133-1146, 1975.

J. Taupin and R. Gallaire, Variabilité isotopique à l'échelle infra-événement de quelques épisodes pluvieux dans la région de Niamey, C. R. Acad. Sci., Ser. IIa Sci. Terre Planetes, vol.326, issue.7, pp.493-498, 1998.

G. Tremoy, Etude de la composition isotopique (deutérium et oxygène 18) de la vapeur d'eau à Niamey (Niger): Vers une meilleure compréhension des processus atmosphériques en Afrique de l'Ouest, 2012.

G. Tremoy, F. Vimeux, O. Cattani, S. Mayaki, I. Souley et al., Measurements of water vapor isotope ratios with wavelengthscanned cavity ring-down spectroscopy technology: New insights and important caveats for deuterium excess measurements in tropical areas in comparison with isotope-ratio mass spectrometry, Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom, vol.25, pp.3469-3480, 2011.

G. Tremoy, F. Vimeux, S. Mayaki, I. Souley, O. Cattani et al., A 1-year long 18 O record of water vapor in Niamey (Niger) reveals insightful atmospheric processes at different timescales, Geophys. Res. Lett, vol.39, p.8805, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01109260

F. Vimeux, G. Tremoy, C. Risi, and R. Gallaire, A strong control of the South American SeeSaw on the intra-seasonal variability of the isotopic composition of precipitation in the Bolivian Andes, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett, vol.307, pp.47-58, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01117325

C. R. Webster and A. J. Heymsfield, Water isotope ratios D/H, p.18, 2003.

, O in and out of clouds map dehydration pathways, vol.302, p.1742

X. Wen, S. Zhang, X. Sun, G. Yu, and X. Lee, Water vapor and precipitation isotope ratios in Beijing, China, J. Geophys. Res, vol.115, p.1103, 2010.

J. Worden, D. Noone, and K. Bowman, Importance of rain evaporation and continental convection in the tropical water cycle, Nature, vol.445, pp.528-532, 2007.

K. Yoshimura, M. Kanamitsu, and M. Dettinger, Regional downscaling for stable water isotopes: A case study of an atmospheric river event, J. Geophys. Res, vol.115, p.18114, 2010.

E. Zahiri, Cycle de l'eau des systèmes convectifs ouest-africains: Préparation à l'exploitation des mesures radar Xport dans AMMA par simulations, 2007.

E. J. Zipser, Mesoscale and convective-scale downdrafts as distinct components of squall-line structure, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.105, pp.1568-1589, 1977.