J. Albala-bertrand, The political economy of large natural disasters with special reference to developing countries, 1993.

P. Ambrosi, J. Hourcade, S. Hallegatte, P. Lecocq, P. Dumas et al., Optimal Control Models and Elicitation of Attitudes towards Climate Damages, Environmental Modeling and Assessment, vol.8, issue.3, pp.133-147, 2003.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4419-1129-2_6

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00000966

C. Azar and S. Schneider, Are the economic costs of (non-)stabilizing the atmosphere prohibitive? A response to Gerlagh and Papyrakis, Ecological Economics, vol.46, issue.3, pp.329-332, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0921-8009(03)00164-2

M. Beniston, The 2003 heat wave in Europe: A shape of things to come? An analysis based on Swiss climatological data and model simulations, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.57, issue.2, pp.220210-1029, 2004.
DOI : 10.1007/s003820050009

C. Benson and E. Clay, Understanding the economic and financial impact of natural disasters. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, 2004.

O. Choi and A. Fisher, The impacts of socioeconomic development and climate change on severe weather catastrophe losses: mid-atlantic region (MAR) and the U, Climatic Change, vol.58, issue.1/2, pp.149-170, 2003.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1023459216609

J. Christensen and O. Christensen, Climate modelling: Severe summertime flooding in Europe, Nature, vol.25, issue.6925, pp.805-806, 2003.
DOI : 10.1002/joc.757

M. Déqué, Canicule et simulation numérique (Heat wave and numerical simulation). available on http, 2004.

M. Déqué, Temperature et precipitations extremes sur la france dans un scenario de changement climatique (Temperature and precipitation extremes over france in a climate change scenario), 2004.

C. Dorland, R. Tol, and J. Palutikof, Vulnerability of the Netherlands and Northwest Europe to storm damage under climate change, Climatic Change, vol.43, issue.3, pp.513-535, 1999.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1005492126814

K. Emanuel, Increasing destructiveness of tropical cyclones over the past 30???years, Nature, vol.54, issue.7051, pp.686-688, 2005.
DOI : 10.1029/2002JD002670

. Eurostat, Economic portrait of the European Union, Panorama of the European, 2001.

R. Gilbert and A. Kreimer, Learning from the world bank's experience of natural disaster related assistance, Disaster Management Facility Working Paper Series 2. Urban Development Division, 1999.

C. Goodess, C. Hanson, M. Hulme, and T. Osborn, Representing Climate and Extreme Weather Events in Integrated Assessment Models: A Review of Existing Methods and Options for Development, Integrated Assessment, vol.4, issue.3, pp.145-171, 2003.
DOI : 10.1076/iaij.4.3.145.23772

S. Hallegatte, P. Ambrosi, and J. Hourcade, Using climate analogues for assessing climate change economic impacts in urban areas, Climatic Change, vol.99, issue.2, 2005.
DOI : 10.1093/wbro/14.2.277

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00164627

J. Mccarthy, O. F. Canziani, and N. Leary, Climate Change 2001 : Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, IPCC, 2001.

J. T. Houghton, Y. Ding, D. J. Griggs, M. Noguer, P. J. Van-der-linden et al., Climate Change 2001 : The Scientific Basis, IPCC, 2001.

M. Kalecki, A Theory of the Business Cycle, The Review of Economic Studies, vol.4, issue.2, pp.77-97, 1937.
DOI : 10.2307/2967606

R. Katz, M. Parlange, and P. Naveau, Statistics of extremes in hydrology, Advances in Water Resources, vol.25, issue.8-12, pp.1287-1304, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0309-1708(02)00056-8

R. Mendelsohn, W. Morrison, M. Schlesinger, and N. Andronova, Countryspecific market impacts of climate change, Climatic Change, vol.45, issue.3/4, pp.553-569, 2000.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1005598717174

. Munich-re, Winterstorm in Europe (ii) Analysis of 1999 losses and loss potentials, Munich Reinsurance Group Geoscience Research Group, 2002.

. Munich-re, Topics. annual review: Natural catastrophes, Munich Reinsurance Group Geoscience Research Group, 2002.

. Munich-re, Topics. annual review: Natural catastrophes, Munich Reinsurance Group Geoscience Research Group, 2003.

W. Nordhaus, Managing the Global Commons: The Economics of Climate Change, 1994.

W. Nordhaus, Discounting in economics and climate change, Climatic Change, vol.37, issue.2, pp.315-328, 1997.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1005347001731

W. Nordhaus, New estimates of the economic impacts of climate change, 1998.

S. Peck and T. Teisberg, CETA: A Model for Carbon Emissions Trajectory Assessment, The Energy Journal, vol.13, issue.1, pp.55-77, 1992.
DOI : 10.5547/ISSN0195-6574-EJ-Vol13-No1-4

C. Schär, P. Vidale, D. , L. Frei, C. Häberli et al., The role of increasing temperature variability in European summer heatwaves, Nature, vol.16, issue.6972, pp.332-336, 2004.
DOI : 10.1007/s003820050009

R. Solow, A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol.70, issue.1, pp.65-94, 1956.
DOI : 10.2307/1884513

. Swiss-re, Floods -an insurable risk? Swiss Reinsurance Company, 1998.

. Swiss-re, Natural catastrophes and man-made disasters in 2003: many fatalities, comparatively moderate insured losses, Swiss Reinsurance Company, 2004.

R. Tol, New estimates of the damage costs of climate change, Part I: Benchmark estimates, Environmental and Resource Economics, vol.21, issue.1, pp.47-73, 2002.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1014500930521

R. Tol, New estimates of the damage costs of climate change, Part II: Dynamic estimates, Environmental and Resource Economics, vol.21, issue.2, pp.135-160, 2002.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1014539414591

P. Webster, G. Holland, J. Curry, and H. Chang, Changes in Tropical Cyclone Number, Duration, and Intensity in a Warming Environment, Science, vol.309, issue.5742, pp.1844-1846, 2005.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1116448

G. Yohe, N. Andronova, and M. Schlesinger, CLIMATE: To Hedge or Not Against an Uncertain Climate Future?, Science, vol.306, issue.5695, pp.416-417, 2004.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1101170